Non-thermal plasma (NTP) offers a promising route for direct CO₂ reduction with H₂O under ambient conditions, whereas the non-selective reactivity of gaseous ·H and ·OH radicals from H₂O dissociation severely limits selectivity toward value-added products, such as C₂H₄. Here, we synthesized a ternary metal-cluster organic framework (CeHfZr) that adsorbed H₂O to form a surface hydrogen-bonded network and utilized high-energy electrons to generate solvated ·H and ·OH radicals in situ, effectively promoting CO₂ conversion to C₂H₄. This catalyst achieved a C₂H₄ production rate of 164.6 μmol/(g·h) under 20% CO₂, which displayed a 15-fold enhancement over Ce, with a sustained stability over 180 min. In-situ IR spectroscopy and mechanistic analysis demonstrated that the hydrogen-bonded H₂O network on CeHfZr enabled in situ ionization to produce ·H and ·OH radicals. The ·OH radicals eliminated deep-seated carbon deposits to regenerate active sites, together with the ·H radicals underwent rapid conversion to adsorbed *H through proton transfer along the hydrogen-bonded network, thereby driving C-C coupling for enhanced C₂H₄ production. This research offers insights into the rational design of catalysts for non-thermal plasma-driven CO₂ reduction to C₂H₄.

Photoreduction of hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) by semiconductor provides a novel and effective avenue for uranium extraction. Unfortunately, the traditional metal oxide and sulfide semiconductors suffer from the lack of confinement sites to U(VI), which resulted in the long period (~ 1 h) to achieve a high U(VI) extraction efficiency of > 90%. Herein, we successfully constructed WS₂ nanosheets and created in-situ oxidized domains on the surfaces (O-WS₂) to promote the uranium extraction and the corresponding removal kinetics. In this system, the O_7.7-WS₂ nanosheets exhibited a considerable U(VI) extraction efficiency of > 90% within 20 min in 8 mg·L^–1 U(VI)-containing solution, which represented the highly efficient U(VI) removal performance. In 200 mg·L^–1 U(VI)-containing solution, the O_7.7-WS₂ nanosheets exhibited an extraction capacity of 652.4 mg·g^–1. The mechanism study revealed that the oxidized surface tended to trap hydrogen atom and in-situ form hydroxyl groups in defect sites. Evidenced by a series of experiment, such as kinetic isotope effect, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra, the in-situ formed hydroxyl groups participated in the uranium reduction, which dramatically enhanced uranium extraction kinetics and efficiency.

Photocatalytic reduction of U(VI) represents a novel and effective manner for the removal of U(VI) pollutant from radioactive wastewater. Herein, we successfully incorporated hydrogen into VO₂ nanosheets, which strengthened the interaction between VO₂ and U(VI), thereby achieving a highly active and stable photocatalyst for U(VI) reduction. With the increase of H content in hydric VO₂ (H_x-VO₂) nanosheets, the bandgap shrank from 2.29 to 1.66 eV, whereas the position of conduction bands remained more negative than the reduction potential of U(VI)/U(IV) (0.41 V vs. NHE). When irradiated by simulated sunlight, the U(VI) removal efficiency over H_0.613-VO₂ nanosheets reached up to 95.4% within 90 min, which largely outperformed 28.3% of pristine VO₂ nanosheets. The mechanistic study demonstrated that the hydroxylated surface gave rise to the balanced O confinement sites in VO₂ (011), leading to the stabilized adsorption configuration and increased binding strength of UO₂²⁺ on H_x-VO₂ nanosheets.