1(3)-Oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3(1)-linoleoylglycerol (OPL) and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) are the most abundant sn-2 palmitoyl lipids in human milk, whose intake in early life might influence the short- and long-term health of human. However, only OPO is widely approved for use in infant formula, scientific evidence regarding OPL’s suitability and optimal dosage remains limited. Reliable model organisms are therefore needed to explore the effects of these structured lipids intervention in early life on the lipid metabolism and associated health outcomes. Using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), we investigated how dietary supplementation with OPL and/or OPO during L1 to L4 affected lipid composition, content, metabolism, and morphology at L4, and how these changes influenced growth, lifespan, movement, and stress resistance. Specifically, mixed OPL and OPO supplementation (10 mg/L) significantly increased (P < 0.001) the body length of C. elegans, with no effect on body width. While appropriate concentrations of OPO significantly extended lifespan, high concentrations of OPL reduced it, indicating that variations in structured lipid composition may differentially impact lipid metabolism and longevity. Locomotion was more enhanced in the OPO and OPLOPO, suggesting that OPO more effectively improved mobility. Furthermore, mixed supplementation with OPO and OPL (10 mg/L) enhanced survival under heat, ultraviolet (UV), and oxidative stress, likely due to increased levels of PE, MUFA, PUFA, EPA, and DAG, along with alterations in lipid droplets. This study provides novel insights into the composition, function, and potential applications of structured lipids relevant to infant nutrition, and highlights the possible role of OPL in supporting infant nutrition.

Due to the unique and harsh geographical and climatic conditions at high altitudes, longitudinal studies on the composition of human milk (HM) in Tibet are important but scarce, particularly those investigating the dynamic changes of HM bioactive proteins. This study adopted a longitudinal study design to analyze the concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, IgG, secretory IgA (SIgA), β-casein, κ-casein, and lactoferrin in HM from 33 Tibetan mothers at 2, 4, and 6 months after delivery using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The influence of related maternal and infant factors on the contents was also analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of SIgA and IgA were significantly higher at 6 months postpartum than those at 4 months postpartum (56.4 ± 6.3 mg/L vs. 46.4 ± 16.2 mg/L, P = 0.015; and 1769.8 ± 250.1 mg/L vs. 1220.4 ± 365.7 mg/L, P = 0.014, respectively), while other proteins showed no significant differences from 2 to 6 months. The increase of SIgA and IgA may be closely related to maternal immune adaptation and infants' exposure to the environment. The maternal immune system perceives pathogens in the environment and dynamically regulates the content of immunoglobulin in HM. Correlation analysis and generalized estimating equation analyses revealed that maternal occupation, maternal height, gestational weight gain, post-pregnancy body mass index, infant birth weight, and infant birth length influenced the levels of the seven HM bioactive proteins to varying degrees. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of HM bioactive proteins in Tibetan mothers and the impact of maternal and infant factors, offering insights for developing early nutrition strategies and infant formula tailored to the specific needs of Tibetan infants.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease afflicting women of childbearing age. It is characterized by irregular menstruation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenemia, and polycystic ovary morphology. As a complex endocrine-metabolic syndrome (MS), PCOS shares several endocrine-metabolic features with the MS, with insulin resistance at the core of their pathogenic mechanisms. PCOS and MS are interrelated and thus have similarities in treatment. Currently, the common treatment modalities for both are lifestyle intervention, medication, and surgery. More studies have shown that lifestyle intervention and regulation of intestinal flora are more effective and sustainable. However, progress towards treatment and cure is hampered by unclear etiology and mechanisms. This review aimed to summarize the relationship between PCOS and MS, the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, and the current nutritional therapeutic strategies, especially lifestyle modifications and modulation of intestinal flora. Lifestyle interventions combined with the regulation of gut flora can be a new perspective for treatment. This perspective has a positive significance in the early diagnosis, adoption of personalized treatment plans, and prevention of complications in PCOS and MS. The need to prevent the occurrence of MS in patients with PCOS should be emphasized.

Probiotics show anti-influenza activity, offering a potential variant-resistant alternative for infection prevention and control. In this study, we evaluated whether a specially formulated yogurt enriched with synbiotics (named yogurt 1) with 7 probiotics and 6 prebiotics, has anti-influenza effects and its underlying mechanisms using a mouse model challenged with influenza virus H1N1 PR8 strain. The mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (negative control), yogurt matrix, yogurt 1, and oseltamivir (positive control), respectively. Yogurt 1 treatment improved the survival of infected mice (from 0% to 30%), alleviated pathological injuries in the lungs and colon, and reduced the viral load of influenza virus on day 3 and day 7 post-infection. Yogurt 1 also downregulated some inflammation-related signaling pathways and reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines or chemokines in the lungs or serum, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC). The levels of short-chain fatty acids in the cecal content were increased, the diversity of the intestinal flora was partially restored, and influenza-specific IgG and interferon-secreting lymphocytes were enhanced following yogurt 1 administration. Thus, yogurt 1, as a commercial and easily accessible dairy product, demonstrated a notable anti-influenza effect in mice by inhibiting viral proliferation, suppressing excessive inflammatory responses, and promoting influenza virus-specific adaptive humoral and cellular immune responses, demonstrating its potential for influenza epidemic prevention and control.

Osteoporosis afflicts 200 million patients worldwide. With the aging of the global population, the incidence of osteoporosis will continue to increase, and the prevention of osteoporosis has become an urgent problem in the field of public health. This paper analyzes the mechanisms by which milk and dairy products as well as their components such as minerals, vitamins, protein, fat and lactose modulate the intestinal flora and in turn affect calcium absorption and bone health. The interventional effects of dairy products fortified with vitamin D, prebiotics and/or probiotics in different populations and their effect in reducing the risk of osteoporosis are reviewed. The interventional effects of dairy products and plant-based milk are compared. This review hopes to provide a scientific reference for precision intervention with dairy products to improve bone health.

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a disease caused by excessive production and/or inadequate excretion of uric acid (UA) in the body, and persistent HUA can lead to gout. Asymptomatic HUA is closely related to other metabolic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Probiotic intervention is a potentially safe, cost-effective treatment to improve HUA. This paper mainly describes the mechanisms of action of probiotics in reducing the level of uric acid, including inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity, absorbing and degrading purines in the intestine, regulating intestinal flora homeostasis and restoring intestinal barrier function. In addition, probiotics can promote uric acid excretion and consequently reduced uric acid levels by promoting the expression of urate transport proteins and inhibiting the expression of urate reabsorbing proteins. Probiotics have great potential in alleviating HUA. This review hopes to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research.

More than 70% of proteins in breast milk are glycosylated, and glycosylation enzymes cleave specific structures that connect proteins to polysaccharides. However, the human digestive system does not secrete glycosylation enzymes. Therefore, glycosylated proteins are more likely to retain their activity and exert their functions in the digestive system compared with non-glycosylated proteins. This article introduces the types, composition and content of glycoproteins in breast milk, analyzes the mechanism underlying their biological functions, and reviews recent progress in glycoproteomics. We expect that this review will provide a reference for research on the biological functions of glycoproteins in breast milk.

We investigated the role of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HM126 in the prevention and alleviation of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) in mice. We also analyzed the composition of the gut microbiota and the differences in metabolite profile using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. The results showed that the nasal symptoms of AR mice were significantly reduced and the nasal function was restored to normal after intervention with L. rhamnosus HM126. The correlation analysis between the gut flora and metabolome revealed that this strain could alleviate AR symptoms by modulating the relative abundance of the gut flora and inducing an increase in metabolites such as quinic acid, leptomycin B, ketoprofen, 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, and asiatic acid. This study suggested that L. rhamnosus HM126 can ameliorate allergic inflammatory response by regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and producing immunomodulatory substances in mice, providing theoretical support for the alleviation of AR by probiotics.

In this study, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus paragasseri HM018 on the intestinal microbiota and metabolism in humanized pregnant mice with fecal microbiota transplantation. Eight-week-old germ-free mice were transplanted with fecal bacterial suspensions from healthy pregnant women to develop a germ-free humanized mouse model. After conception, the mice were treated by L. paragasseri HM018 for three weeks. The results showed that the Shannon and Simpson indexes of gut microbiota in the treatment group were higher significantly than those of the model group after 14 days. The abundance of Roseburia and Clostridium and the content of bile acids, especially secondary bile acids, in feces increased significantly in the treatment group compared with the model group. In addition, 37 serum metabolites involved in 20 metabolic pathways changed significantly, among which pyridoxine and myristoleic acid were up-regulated and pelargonic acid was down-regulated. In addition, L. paragasseri HM018 had significant effects on the glucagon signaling pathway and showed a tendency to increase short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan. This study shows that L. paragasseri HM018 improves gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism, thus having potential health benefits.

Gestational diabetes mellitus affects both the short- and long-term health of mothers and their children, the possibility of using intestinal modulation to ameliorate GDM has become the focus of recent research. Ingesting probiotics and prebiotics during pregnancy can effectively reduce the incidence of GDM, therefore, clarifying the mechanisms by which gut regulation reduces GDM is vital. This article reviews the pathways and mechanisms by which the probiotics and prebiotics promotes glucose homeostasis including regulating short-chain fatty acid and bile acid metabolism, increasing glutathione levels, modulating the endocannabinoid system, influencing the gut-brain axis, and improving tryptophan metabolism. Previous findings indicate that trimethylamine N-oxide and branched-chain amino acids are associated with GDM risk, while Polyphenols, oligosaccharides, inulin, and other prebiotics can improve GDM outcomes. Additionally, this review identifies various limitations in existing mechanistic studies.