In view of the significance of cavitation water jet technology, this paper analyzes the generation and action mechanisms of cavitation water jets, and provides a review of the experimental and numerical research methods used in recent years, focusing on three aspects: flow field observation and analysis, erosion measurement, and numerical simulation. The research hotspots are summarized as nozzle structure design, development of observation and measurement methods, and optimization of numerical simulation techniques. Additionally, the paper proposes future directions, including improving the observation and measurement capabilities of cavitation water jets and using artificial intelligence technology to optimize numerical calculation methods, providing references for the research and application of cavitation water jet technology.

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O₂) batteries have a great potential in energy storage and conversion due to their ultra-high theoretical specific energy, but their applications are hindered by sluggish redox reaction kinetics in the charge/discharge processes. Redox mediators (RMs), as soluble catalysts, are widely used to facilitate the electrochemical processes in the Li-O₂ batteries. A drawback of RMs is the shuttle effect due to their solubility and mobility, which leads to the corrosion of a Li metal anode and the degradation of the electrochemical performance of the batteries. Herein, we synthesize a polymer-based composite protective separator containing molecular sieves. The nanopores with a diameter of 4 Å in the zeolite powder (4A zeolite) are able to physically block the migration of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) molecules with a larger size; therefore, the shuttle effect of TEMPO is restrained. With the assistance of the zeolite molecular sieves, the cycle life of the Li-O₂ batteries is significantly extended from ~ 20 to 170 cycles at a current density of 250 mA·g⁻¹ and a limited capacity of 500 mAh·g⁻¹. Our work provides a highly effective approach to suppress the shuttle effects of RMs and boost the electrochemical performance of Li-O₂ batteries.