In view of the significance of cavitation water jet technology, this paper analyzes the generation and action mechanisms of cavitation water jets, and provides a review of the experimental and numerical research methods used in recent years, focusing on three aspects: flow field observation and analysis, erosion measurement, and numerical simulation. The research hotspots are summarized as nozzle structure design, development of observation and measurement methods, and optimization of numerical simulation techniques. Additionally, the paper proposes future directions, including improving the observation and measurement capabilities of cavitation water jets and using artificial intelligence technology to optimize numerical calculation methods, providing references for the research and application of cavitation water jet technology.