Plant wearable sensors (PWSs) can obtain weak plant physiological information under complex agricultural environment in real time and multiple points, offering powerful tools for smart agriculture. However, research on PWSs started relatively late and is strongly interdisciplinary, leaving their development and application still facing challenges. It is therefore necessary to review and trace the evolution of PWSs to clarify their technological trajectory, highlight current progress, and recognize remaining challenges. Herein, PWSs are systematically discussed in terms of their development roadmap, categories, materials, energy-supply technologies, fabrication techniques, and applications. Furthermore, multiscale modeling, such as density functional theory, finite element analysis, and machine learning respectively provides insights from the atomic scale in charge transfer and interfacial interactions, the macro-meso scale in mechanical adaptability and structural reliability, and efficient data analysis, thus advancing the rational design and practical deployment of PWSs. Finally, a systematically curated table, complemented by a comparative radar chart analysis, provides an overview of reported devices by summarizing their key attributes while elucidating strengths and trade-offs for specific applications. This review not only provides guidance for proposing future design strategies and research directions, but also serves as a roadmap for advanced PWSs and facilitating their translation from laboratory research to applications.

Redox mediators (RMs) represent the most promising strategy to address the sluggish kinetics of lithium–oxygen (Li–O₂) batteries. To achieve high-energy and cost-effective Li–O₂ batteries, carbon materials are typically regarded as ideal cathodes in these systems. However, the impact of their surface properties—which often regulate specific discharge pathways—on the RM-mediated oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains unclear. In this study, CNTs electrodes with different surface properties are fabricated. Results suggest that CNTs with more surface defects not only promote the unmediated discharge pathway even in RMs-involved battery systems but also exacerbate the corrosion of carbon cathodes. This, in turn, leads to the undesired accumulation of Li₂O₂ and Li₂CO₃ on the cathode surface, which hinders effective and continuous electron transfer between the cathode and RMs, ultimately decreasing the catalytic activity of RMs. As a result, the discharge capacity of the battery is seriously diminished, especially at large current densities. These findings underscore the significance of surface engineering in advancing the performance of RMs-assisted Li–O₂ batteries.

Developing an effective catalyst for the selective oxidation of hydrocarbon to high value-added compounds remains as a challenge in terms of the growing global concerns about green chemistry and environmental sustainability. Herein, asymmetric nitrogen and phosphorus co-coordinated Ce single-atom sites (Ce-N₃P-C) were constructed for the activation of aromatic C–H bond. Ce-N₃P-C demonstrates excellent catalytic performance for efficient solvent-free aerobic oxidation of aromatic C–H bonds, especially for oxidation of ethylbenzene with 97% selectivity of acetophenone and high stability. The turnover frequency (TOF) value is 536 h⁻¹, which is the highest level among reported non-precious-metal catalysts in a similar system. The partial substitution of coordinated N with P atom breaks the symmetry of the active moiety of Ce and raises the electron density of Ce center. The reduced valence state of metallic Ce indicates that more electrons could transfer to the antibonding π-orbital of the adsorbed O₂, thus promoting the subsequent free radical reaction and accelerating the rate-determining step. The breaking of coordination symmetry of single-atom site catalyst by introducing heteroatoms to tune its active moiety paves a way to boost the catalytic performance of similar catalysts.

With the exponential growth of portable electronic devices and wearable technologies, batteries are currently required to deliver not only high energy density and extended cycling performance but also enhanced safety and exceptional durability. Inspired by the self-repair mechanism observed in natural systems, a self-healing strategy shows great application potential in enabling batteries to resist external physical and chemical damage. In this review, we provide a detailed exploration of the application of self-healing materials in battery components, including electrodes, electrolytes, and encapsulation layers. We also analyze the advantages and limitations of various self-healing mechanisms, highlighting their roles in optimizing battery performance. By presenting a comprehensive synthesis of existing research, the potential pathways for advancing the development of self-healing batteries are identified, as well as the key challenges and opportunities within this field. This review aims to promote the practical integration of self-healing batteries in smart and flexible electronic devices, paving the way for safer, more reliable, and long-lasting energy storage systems.

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) with solid electrolytes (SEs) have emerged as a promising alternative to liquid electrolyte-based Li-ion batteries due to their higher energy density and safety. However, since ASSLMBs lack the wetting properties of liquid electrolytes, they require stacking pressure to prevent contact loss between electrodes and SEs. Though previous studies showed that stacking pressure could impact certain performance aspects, a comprehensive investigation into the effects of stacking pressure has not been conducted. To address this gap, we utilized the Li₆PS₅Cl solid electrolyte as a reference and investigated the effects of stacking pressures on the performance of SEs and ASSLMBs. We also developed models to explain the underlying origin of these effects and predict battery performance, such as ionic conductivity and critical current density. Our results demonstrated that an appropriate stacking pressure is necessary to achieve optimal performance, and each step of applying pressure requires a specific pressure value. These findings can help explain discrepancies in the literature and provide guidance to establish standardized testing conditions and reporting benchmarks for ASSLMBs. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the impact of stacking pressure on the performance of ASSLMBs and highlights the importance of careful pressure optimization for optimal battery performance.

The layer-dependent properties are still unclarified in two-dimensional (2D) vertical heterostructures. In this study, we layer-by-layer deposited semimetal β-In₂Se₃ on monolayer MoS₂ to form vertical β-In₂Se₃/MoS₂ heterostructures by chemical vapor deposition. The defect-mediated nucleation mechanism induces β-In₂Se₃ nanosheets to grow on monolayer MoS₂, and the layer number of stacked β-In₂Se₃ can be precisely regulated from 1 layer (L) to 13 L by prolonging the growth time. The β-In₂Se₃/MoS₂ heterostructures reveal tunable type-Ⅱ band alignment arrangement by altering the layer number of β-In₂Se₃, which optimizes the internal electron transfer. Meanwhile, the edge atomic structure of β-In₂Se₃ stacking on monolayer MoS₂ shows the reconstruction derived from large lattice mismatch (~ 29%), and the presence of β-In₂Se₃ also further increases the electrical conductivity of β-In₂Se₃/MoS₂ heterostructures. Attributed to abundant layer-dependent edge active sites, edge reconstruction, improved hydrophilicity, and high electrical conductivity of β-In₂Se₃/MoS₂ heterostructures, the edge of β-In₂Se₃/MoS₂ heterostructures exhibits excellent electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Lower onset potential and smaller Tafel slope can be observed at the edge of monolayer MoS₂ coupled with 13-L β-In₂Se₃. Hence, the outstanding conductive layers coupled with edge reconstruction in 2D vertical heterostructures play decisive roles in the optimization of electron energy levels and improvement of layer-dependent catalytic performance.

Graphene, as a proof-of-concept two-dimensional material, has proven to have excellent physical and chemical properties. Its derivatives, such as defective or doped graphene, are also applied as catalytic materials for metal–air batteries (MABs). MABs have been recognized as possible candidates for new-generation energy storage systems due to their ultra-high theoretical energy density. So far, graphene and its derivatives with optimized structures have been widely explored to improve the electrochemical performance in MABs. Generally speaking, perfect graphene crystalline is inert for many catalytic processes, while defects and heteroatoms can endow graphene with high activity for many electrocatalytic reactions. Under this circumstance, recent progress is summarized for defective/doped graphene as air cathodes in aqueous or organic MABs, which are actually different electrochemical systems with distinct requirements for air cathodes. Also, the relationship is clarified between graphene defects/doping and electrocatalytic mechanisms that can be the guidance for catalyst design. Future directions are also prospected for the development of graphene-based MAB cathodes.