As a core geometric parameter of nanocarriers, curvature exerts crucial regulatory effects in diverse fields such as biomedicine, catalysis, and materials assembly. For nanocarriers with regular geometric morphologies, the absolute value of curvature is inversely proportional to their characteristic sizes (e.g., particle size, tube diameter), and the smaller the characteristic size, the more significant the curvature effect. This paper presents the first systematic review of the design and synthesis strategies of curvature-tailored nanocarriers, while also providing an in-depth discussion of their performance across multiple application scenarios. In terms of design and synthesis, this paper establishes a classification system encompassing positive curvature, negative curvature, and mixed curvature, introduces various curvature characterization techniques including electron microscopy, scattering methods, and atomic force microscopy, and summarizes precise curvature-control synthesis strategies such as the template method, self-assembly method, controlled buckling method, and etching method. In the aspect of application evaluation, curvature-tailored nanocarriers significantly enhance intracellular endocytosis efficiency and tumor tissue penetration capacity in drug delivery; in catalytic applications, they achieve improvements in catalyst performance by regulating electronic structures, reaction kinetics, and reaction mechanisms; in materials assembly, curvature serves as a structural modulation tool to promote the development of ordered assembled architectures. This paper provides systematic theoretical support and methodological guidance for the rational design and functionalized application of curvature-tailored nanocarriers, and further prospects their future development directions in intelligent design, multifunctional integration, and industrialization.

Atomic scale surface engineering of metal nanocatalysts is a key strategy for enhancing their catalytic performance. By precisely controlling the arrangement of surface atoms and their electronic structure, reaction activity, selectivity, and stability can be significantly improved. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in atomic level surface processing, including strategies, such as surface defect engineering, interface regulation, and dynamic encapsulation, and delves into their application mechanisms in fields like electrocatalysis and energy conversion. Nevertheless, challenges persist in this field, including synthetic controllability, tracking of dynamic structural evolution, precise design of active sites, and industrial-scale scaling. Future research must integrate multidisciplinary approaches, such as in situ characterization, theoretical simulations, and artificial intelligence, to advance the rational design and practical application of atomically precise catalysts, thereby providing novel insights for achieving highly efficient and stable energy conversion systems.

The continuous advancement of integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing technology has posed unprecedented challenges to the electronic electroplating process, with its core lying in achieving precise regulation of metal deposition behavior within micro/nanoscale structures, especially those with high aspect ratios (HAR). This review systematically summarizes the key progress in the research on multi-scale metal nucleation and growth mechanisms in IC electronic electroplating. We first analyze the unique mechanisms of mass transfer and electric field distribution at the micro/nanoscale, revealing the electric field inhomogeneity caused by geometric effects and polarization effects in HAR structures, as well as the diffusion-dominated mass transfer process. Furthermore, we delve into the complexity of additive effects, including their adsorption behavior in nano-confined spaces and the intricate synergistic and competitive relationships among inhibitors, accelerators, and levelers, while reviewing the development of innovative additives based on molecular design. Targeting the aforementioned complex system involving multi-physics and multi-scale coupling, this paper focuses on elaborating the construction methods of cross-scale theoretical models, the latest advances in multi-physics coupling solution technologies, and the enormous potential of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing model predictive capabilities and optimizing processes. Finally, we prospect the frontier development directions such as novel electroplating processes, in-situ monitoring and feedback control technologies, exploration of new material systems, and process integration and equipment innovation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework and technical perspective for in-depth understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of micro/nano electronic electroplating and the development of next-generation high-performance interconnect technologies.

FeOOH have received considerable attention due to their natural abundance and cost-effectiveness. Despite the significant progress achieved, the one-step synthesis of integrated FeOOH is still a major challenge. Meanwhile, the current research on FeOOH catalyst still suffers from the unclear mechanism of controlling morphology. Here, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the strong electron-capturing and hydrogen absorption ability of Co in FeOOH, which further promotes the formation and stabilization of FeOOH. We used a one-step electrodeposition method to synthesize Co introduced FeOOH integrated electrocatalyst and propose to introduce ions with different valence states to regulate the morphology of FeOOH by precise modulation of electric double layer (EDL) composition and thickness. The prepared Co-FeOOH-K⁺ has a larger electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) (325 cm²) and turnover frequency (TOF) value (0.75 s⁻¹). In the electrochemical experiments of an alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, Co-FeOOH-K⁺ shows better oxygen evolution performance than commercial RuO₂ under industrial production conditions and has good industrial application prospects.

The main problem faced by ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) includes low activity, poor selectivity, and durability. In the study, we found that polysulfide modified on the surface of PtCu intermetallic (IM)/C can simultaneously enrich hydroxyl and ethanol, which could effectively improve the catalytic activity, CO₂ selectivity, and durability of catalyst. The mass activity and the specific activity of the product in 1 M KOH electrolyte reached 17.83 A·mg_Pt⁻¹ and 24.67 mA·cm⁻². The CO₂ selectivity of polysulfide modified product achieved 93.5%, which was 30 folds higher than Pt/C. In addition, the catalyst showed high catalytic stability. The mechanism study demonstrates that the surface modified polysulfide could significantly boost the enrichment effect of ethanol and hydroxyl species, accelerating C–C bond cleavage and CO oxidation.

Coordination engineering can enhance the activity and stability of the catalyst in heterogeneous catalysis. However, the axial coordination engineering between different groups on the carbon carrier and molecular catalysts in the electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) has been studied rarely. Through coordination engineering strategy, a series of amino (NH₂), hydroxyl (OH), and carboxyl (COOH) groups functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) immobilized cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) catalysts are designed. Compared with no groups, OH groups and COOH groups, NH₂ groups can effectively change the coordination environment of the central metal Co, thereby significantly increasing the turnover frequency (TOF) (31.4 s⁻¹ at −0.6 V vs. RHE, CoPc/NH₂-CNT > CoPc/OH-CNT > CoPc/COOH-CN > CoPc/CNT). In the flow cell, the CoPc/NH ₂-CNT catalyst has high carbon monoxide (CO) selectivity at high current density (~ 100% at −225 mA·cm⁻², ~ 96% at −351 mA·cm⁻²). Importantly, the CoPc/NH₂-CNT catalyst can operate stably for 100 h at 225 mA·cm⁻². Theoretical calculations reveal that CoPc/NH₂-CNT catalyst is beneficial to the formation of *COOH and desorption of *CO, thus promoting CO₂RR. This work provides an excellent platform for understanding the effect of coordination engineering on electrocatalytic performance and promotes a way to explore efficient and stable catalysts in other applications.