Journal Home > Volume 17 , Issue 5
Nano Research 2024, 17(5): 3675-3683 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6264-z
Research Article | Issue | Published: 21 November 2023

Regulate electric double layer for one-step synthesize and modulate the morphology of (oxy)hydroxides

Show Author's Information Jiaxin Liu1,  Yue Shi1,  Yanli Gu1,  Zheng Lv1,  Liang Zhao1,  Yu Yang1,  Tianrong Zhan1,  Jianping Lai1( ),  Lei Wang1,2( )
State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
Keywords:
electrodeposition, oxygen evolution reaction (OER), electric double layer (EDL), morphology regulation, integrated (oxy)hydroxides
Topics:
DepositionElectrocatalysts
Cite this article:
Liu J, Shi Y, Gu Y, et al. Regulate electric double layer for one-step synthesize and modulate the morphology of (oxy)hydroxides. Nano Research, 2024, 17(5): 3675-3683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6264-z
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

450

Views

73

Downloads

Citations

0

Crossref

0

WoS

0

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

FeOOH have received considerable attention due to their natural abundance and cost-effectiveness. Despite the significant progress achieved, the one-step synthesis of integrated FeOOH is still a major challenge. Meanwhile, the current research on FeOOH catalyst still suffers from the unclear mechanism of controlling morphology. Here, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the strong electron-capturing and hydrogen absorption ability of Co in FeOOH, which further promotes the formation and stabilization of FeOOH. We used a one-step electrodeposition method to synthesize Co introduced FeOOH integrated electrocatalyst and propose to introduce ions with different valence states to regulate the morphology of FeOOH by precise modulation of electric double layer (EDL) composition and thickness. The prepared Co-FeOOH-K+ has a larger electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) (325 cm2) and turnover frequency (TOF) value (0.75 s−1). In the electrochemical experiments of an alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, Co-FeOOH-K+ shows better oxygen evolution performance than commercial RuO2 under industrial production conditions and has good industrial application prospects.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Regulate electric double layer for one-step synthesize and modulate the morphology of (oxy)hydroxides

Show Author's information Jiaxin Liu1, Yue Shi1, Yanli Gu1, Zheng Lv1, Liang Zhao1, Yu Yang1, Tianrong Zhan1, Jianping Lai1( ), Lei Wang1,2( )
State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China

Abstract

FeOOH have received considerable attention due to their natural abundance and cost-effectiveness. Despite the significant progress achieved, the one-step synthesis of integrated FeOOH is still a major challenge. Meanwhile, the current research on FeOOH catalyst still suffers from the unclear mechanism of controlling morphology. Here, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the strong electron-capturing and hydrogen absorption ability of Co in FeOOH, which further promotes the formation and stabilization of FeOOH. We used a one-step electrodeposition method to synthesize Co introduced FeOOH integrated electrocatalyst and propose to introduce ions with different valence states to regulate the morphology of FeOOH by precise modulation of electric double layer (EDL) composition and thickness. The prepared Co-FeOOH-K+ has a larger electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) (325 cm2) and turnover frequency (TOF) value (0.75 s−1). In the electrochemical experiments of an alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, Co-FeOOH-K+ shows better oxygen evolution performance than commercial RuO2 under industrial production conditions and has good industrial application prospects.

Keywords: electrodeposition, oxygen evolution reaction (OER), electric double layer (EDL), morphology regulation, integrated (oxy)hydroxides

References(52)

[1]

Yu, W. L.; Chen, Z.; Fu, Y. L.; Xiao, W. P.; Dong, B.; Chai, Y. M.; Wu, Z. X.; Wang, L. Superb all-pH hydrogen evolution performances powered by ultralow Pt-decorated hierarchical Ni-Mo porous microcolumns. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2210855.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

He, Y. Q.; Yan, F.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, C. L.; Zhao, Y. Y.; Geng, B.; Chou, S. L.; Xie, Y.; Chen, Y. J. Creating dual active sites in conductive metal-organic frameworks for efficient water splitting. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2204177.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

Zeng, S. P.; Shi, H.; Dai, T. Y.; Liu, Y.; Wen, Z.; Han, G. F.; Wang, T. H.; Zhang, W.; Lang, X. Y.; Zheng, W. T. et al. Lamella-heterostructured nanoporous bimetallic iron-cobalt alloy/oxyhydroxide and cerium oxynitride electrodes as stable catalysts for oxygen evolution. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 1811.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

Yang, C. Z.; Fontaine, O.; Tarascon, J. M.; Grimaud, A. Chemical recognition of active oxygen species on the surface of oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 8652–8656.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

Liao, H. X.; Ni, G. H.; Tan, P. F.; Liu, K.; Liu, X. Z.; Liu, H. L.; Chen, K. J.; Zheng, X. S.; Liu, M.; Pan, J. Oxyanion engineering suppressed iron segregation in nickel-iron catalysts toward stable water oxidation. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2300347.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

Gan, Y. H.; Cui, M. L.; Dai, X. P.; Ye, Y.; Nie, F.; Ren, Z. T.; Yin, X. L.; Wu, B. Q.; Cao, Y. H.; Cai, R. et al. Mn-doping induced electronic modulation and rich oxygen vacancies on vertically grown NiFe2O4 nanosheet array for synergistically triggering oxygen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 3940–3945.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

Liu, Z. Q.; Liang, X. Y.; Ma, F. X.; Xiong, Y. X.; Zhang, G. B.; Chen, G. H.; Zhen, L.; Xu, C. Y. Decoration of NiFe-LDH nanodots endows lower Fe-d band center of Fe1-N-C hollow nanorods as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts with small overpotential gap. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203609.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

Nie, F.; Li, Z.; Dai, X. P.; Yin, X. L.; Gan, Y. H.; Yang, Z. H.; Wu, B. Q.; Ren, Z. T.; Cao, Y. H.; Song, W. Y. Interfacial electronic modulation on heterostructured NiSe@CoFe LDH nanoarrays for enhancing oxygen evolution reaction and water splitting by facilitating the deprotonation of OH to O. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 431, 134080.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

Zhang, B.; Zheng, X. L.; Voznyy, O.; Comin, R.; Bajdich, M.; García-Melchor, M.; Han, L. L.; Xu, J. X.; Liu, M.; Zheng, L. R. et al. Homogeneously dispersed multimetal oxygen-evolving catalysts. Science 2016, 352, 333–337.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

Liang, Y.; Cui, Y.; Chao, Y.; Han, N.; Sunarso, J.; Liang, P.; He, X.; Zhang, C.; Liu, S. M. Exsolution of CoFe(Ru) nanoparticles in Ru-doped (La0.8Sr0.2)0.9Co0.1Fe0.8Ru0.1O3− δ for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 6977–6986.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

Zhang, Y. Q.; Ouyang, B.; Xu, J.; Jia, G. C.; Chen, S.; Rawat, R. S.; Fan, H. J. Rapid synthesis of cobalt nitride nanowires: Highly efficient and low-cost catalysts for oxygen evolution. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 8670–8674.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

Wang, T. Y.; Nam, G.; Jin, Y.; Wang, X. Y.; Ren, P. J.; Kim, M. G.; Liang, J. S.; Wen, X. D.; Jang, H.; Han, J. T. et al. NiFe (Oxy) hydroxides derived from NiFe disulfides as an efficient oxygen evolution catalyst for rechargeable Zn-air batteries: The effect of surface S residues. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1800757.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

Li, L.; Zhang, G. W.; Xu, J. W.; He, H. J.; Wang, B.; Yang, Z. M.; Yang, S. C. Optimizing the electronic structure of ruthenium oxide by neodymium doping for enhanced acidic oxygen evolution catalysis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2213304.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

Zhang, T. Y.; Zhao, S. C.; Zhu, C. M.; Shi, J.; Su, C.; Yang, J. W.; Wang, M.; Li, J.; Li, J. H.; Liu, P. L. et al. Rational construction of high-active Co3O4 electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 2022, 16, 624–633.
Google Scholar
[15]

Wang, Q. Q.; Li, J. Q.; Li, Y. J.; Shao, G. M.; Jia, Z.; Shen, B. L. Non-noble metal-based amorphous high-entropy oxides as efficient and reliable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 8751–8759.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

Zhou, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Li, Z. H.; Shao, M. F. Host modification of layered double hydroxide electrocatalyst to boost the thermodynamic and kinetic activity of oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2009743.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

Wen, Q. L.; Wang, S. Z.; Wang, R. W.; Huang, D. J.; Fang, J. K.; Liu, Y. W.; Zhai, T. Y. Nanopore-rich NiFe LDH targets the formation of the high-valent nickel for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 2286–2293.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

Zhang, W. D.; Hu, Q. T.; Wang, L. L.; Gao, J.; Zhu, H. Y.; Yan, X. D.; Gu, Z. G. In- situ generated Ni-MOF/LDH heterostructures with abundant phase interfaces for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2021, 286, 119906.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

Shi, Y.; Zhang, D.; Miao, H. F.; Zhang, W.; Wu, X. K.; Wang, Z. C.; Li, H. D.; Zhan, T. R.; Chen, X. L.; Lai, J. P. et al. A simple, rapid and scalable synthesis approach for ultra-small size transition metal selenides with efficient water oxidation performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 24261–24267.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

Li, F.; Du, J.; Li, X. N.; Shen, J. Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Sun, L. C. Integration of FeOOH and zeolitic imidazolate framework-derived nanoporous carbon as an efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702598.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

Cao, X. F.; Zhao, X.; Hu, J.; Chen, Z. First-principles investigation of the electronic properties of the Bi2O4(101)/BiVO4(010) heterojunction towards more efficient solar water splitting. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 2449–2456.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

Li, Y.; Wu, Y. Y.; Yuan, M. K.; Hao, H. R.; Lv, Z.; Xu, L. L.; Wei, B. Operando spectroscopies unveil interfacial FeOOH induced highly reactive β-Ni(Fe)OOH for efficient oxygen evolution. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2022, 318, 121825.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

Chen, J. X.; Long, Q. W.; Xiao, K.; Ouyang, T.; Li, N.; Ye, S. Y.; Liu, Z. Q. Vertically-interlaced NiFeP/MXene electrocatalyst with tunable electronic structure for high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction. Sci. Bull. 2021, 66, 1063–1072.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

Feng, X. T.; Jiao, Q. Z.; Chen, W. X.; Dang, Y. L.; Dai, Z.; Suib, S. L.; Zhang, J. T.; Zhao, Y.; Li, H. S.; Feng, C. H. Cactus-like NiCo2S4@NiFe LDH hollow spheres as an effective oxygen bifunctional electrocatalyst in alkaline solution. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2021, 286, 119869.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Zhang, H.; Shen, G. Q.; Liu, X. Y.; Ning, B.; Shi, C. X.; Pan, L.; Zhang, X. W.; Huang, Z. F.; Zou, J. J. Self-supporting NiFe LDH-MoS x integrated electrode for highly efficient water splitting at the industrial electrolysis conditions. Chin. J. Catal. 2021, 42, 1732–1741.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

Cai, M. M.; Zhu, Q.; Wang, X. Y.; Shao, Z. Y.; Yao, L.; Zeng, H.; Wu, X. F.; Chen, J.; Huang, K. K.; Feng, S. H. Formation and stabilization of NiOOH by introducing α-FeOOH in LDH: Composite electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution and urea oxidation reactions. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2209338.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

Zhou, Q.; Chen, Y. P.; Zhao, G. Q.; Lin, Y.; Yu, Z. W.; Xu, X.; Wang, X. L.; Liu, H. K.; Sun, W. P.; Dou, S. X. Active-site-enriched iron-doped nickel/cobalt hydroxide nanosheets for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 5382–5390.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

Ye, S. H.; Shi, Z. X.; Feng, J. X.; Tong, Y. X.; Li, G. R. Activating CoOOH porous nanosheet arrays by partial iron substitution for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 2672–2676.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

Gao, Z. W.; Liu, J. Y.; Chen, X. M.; Zheng, X. L.; Mao, J.; Liu, H.; Ma, T.; Li, L.; Wang, W. C.; Du, X. W. Engineering NiO/NiFe LDH intersection to bypass scaling relationship for oxygen evolution reaction via dynamic tridimensional adsorption of intermediates. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1804769.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

Feng, J. X.; Xu, H.; Dong, Y. T.; Ye, S. H.; Tong, Y. X.; Li, G. R. Corrigendum: FeOOH/Co/FeOOH hybrid nanotube arrays as high-performance electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 14795.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

Liu, J.; Zhu, D.; Zheng, Y.; Vasileff, A.; Qiao, S.-Z. Self-supported earth-abundant nanoarrays as efficient and robust electrocatalysts for energy-related reactions. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 6707–6732
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

Zhang, W.; Wu, Y. Z.; Qi, J.; Chen, M. X.; Cao, R. A thin NiFe hydroxide film formed by stepwise electrodeposition strategy with significantly improved catalytic water oxidation efficiency. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1602547.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

Yan, Z. H.; Sun, H. M.; Chen, X.; Liu, H. H.; Zhao, Y. R.; Li, H. X.; Xie, W.; Cheng, F. Y.; Chen, J. Anion insertion enhanced electrodeposition of robust metal hydroxide/oxide electrodes for oxygen evolution. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2373.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

Yan, Z. H.; Liu, H. H.; Hao, Z. M.; Yu, M.; Chen, X.; Chen, J. Electrodeposition of (hydro)oxides for an oxygen evolution electrode. Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 10614–10625.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

Wu, Q. S.; McDowell, M. T.; Qi, Y. Effect of the electric double layer (EDL) in multicomponent electrolyte reduction and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in lithium batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 2473–2484.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

Smith, A. M.; Borkovec, M.; Trefalt, G. Forces between solid surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 275, 102078.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

Zhao, R. R.; Wang, H. F.; Du, H. R.; Yang, Y.; Gao, Z. H.; Qie, L.; Huang, Y. H. Lanthanum nitrate as aqueous electrolyte additive for favourable zinc metal electrodeposition. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3252.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

Lu, X. Y.; Zhao, C. Electrodeposition of hierarchically structured three-dimensional nickel-iron electrodes for efficient oxygen evolution at high current densities. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6616.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

Liang, H. F.; Gandi, A. N.; Xia, C.; Hedhili, M. N.; Anjum, D. H.; Schwingenschlögl, U.; Alshareef, H. N. Amorphous NiFe-OH/NiFeP electrocatalyst fabricated at low temperature for water oxidation applications. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 1035–1042.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]
Chen, W.; Wang, H. T.; Li, Y. Z.; Liu, Y. Y.; Sun, J.; Lee, S. H.; Lee, J. S.; Cui, Y. In situ electrochemical oxidation tuning of transition metal disulfides to oxides for enhanced water oxidation. ACS Cent. Sci. 2015 , 1, 244–251.
[41]

Hu, Y. D.; Luo, G.; Wang, L. G.; Liu, X. K.; Qu, Y. T.; Zhou, Y. S.; Zhou, F. Y.; Li, Z. J.; Li, Y. F.; Yao, T. et al. Single Ru atoms stabilized by hybrid amorphous/crystalline FeCoNi layered double hydroxide for ultraefficient oxygen evolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2002816.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

Chen, M. X.; Li, H. J.; Wu, C. L.; Liang, Y. B.; Qi, J.; Li, J.; Shangguan, E.; Zhang, W.; Cao, R. Interfacial engineering of heterostructured Co(OH)2/NiP x nanosheets for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2206407.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

Liu, S. Q.; Dai, L. X.; Qu, Y. T.; Qiu, Y.; Fan, J. X.; Li, X.; Zhang, Q. H.; Guo, X. H. Crystalline/amorphous hetero-phase Ru nanoclusters for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution. Mater. Chem. Front. 2021, 5, 6648–6658.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

Liang, Y.; Wang, J.; Liu, D. P.; Wu, L.; Li, T. Z.; Yan, S. C.; Fan, Q.; Zhu, K.; Zou, Z. G. Ultrafast fenton-like reaction route to FeOOH/NiFe-LDH heterojunction electrode for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 21785–21791.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

Han, H. S.; Choi, H.; Mhin, S.; Hong, Y. R.; Kim, K. M.; Kwon, J.; Ali, G.; Chung, K. Y.; Je, M.; Umh, H. N. et al. Advantageous crystalline-amorphous phase boundary for enhanced electrochemical water oxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 2443–2454.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

Yang, N. L.; Cheng, H. F.; Liu, X. Z.; Yun, Q. B.; Chen, Y.; Li, B.; Chen, B.; Zhang, Z. C.; Chen, X. P.; Lu, Q. P. et al. Amorphous/crystalline hetero-phase Pd nanosheets: One-pot synthesis and highly selective hydrogenation reaction. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1803234.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]
Zai, S. F.; Dong, A. Q.; Li, J.; Wen, Z.; Yang, C. C.; Jiang, Q. Low-crystallinity mesoporous NiGaFe hydroxide nanosheets on macroporous Ni foam for high-efficiency oxygen evolution electrocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021 , 9, 6223–6231.
[48]

Li, M. Z.; Niu, H. J.; Li, Y. L.; Liu, J. W.; Yang, X. Y.; Lv, Y. Z.; Chen, K. P.; Zhou, W. Synergetic regulation of CeO2 modification and (W2O7)2− intercalation on NiFe-LDH for high-performance large-current seawater electrooxidation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2023, 330, 122612.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]

Niu, S.; Jiang, W. J.; Tang, T.; Yuan, L. P.; Luo, H.; Hu, J. S. Autogenous growth of hierarchical NiFe(OH) x /FeS nanosheet-on-microsheet arrays for synergistically enhanced high-output water oxidation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1902180.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]

Qiao, X. Z.; Yin, X. M.; Wen, L.; Chen, X. Y.; Li, J. M.; Ye, H. C.; Huang, X. B.; Zhao, W. D.; Wang, T. Variable nanosheets for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Chem 2022, 8, 3241–3251.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]

Shen, X. R.; Li, H. J.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Ma, T. T.; Li, Q.; Jiao, Q. Z.; Zhao, Y.; Li, H. S.; Feng, C. H. Construction dual-regulated NiCo2S4 @Mo-doped CoFe-LDH for oxygen evolution reaction at large current density. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2022, 319, 121917.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

Li, X. Y.; Xiao, L. P.; Zhou, L.; Xu, Q. C.; Weng, J.; Xu, J.; Liu, B. Adaptive bifunctional electrocatalyst of amorphous CoFe oxide@2D black phosphorus for overall water splitting. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 21106–21113.
DOI Google Scholar
File
12274_2023_6264_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (7.5 MB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 05 August 2023
Revised: 25 September 2023
Accepted: 11 October 2023
Published: 21 November 2023
Issue date: May 2024

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22001143 and 52072197), the Youth Innovation and Technology Foundation of Shandong Higher Education Institutions, China (No. 2019KJC004), the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. ZR2019JQ14), the Taishan Scholar Young Talent Program (Nos. tsqn201909114 and tsqn201909123), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2020YQ34), the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (No. 2019JZZY020405), and the Major Basic Research Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No. ZR2020ZD09.

Return