The increasing demand for multifunctional wearable electronics and intelligent electronic textile systems necessitates advanced functional fibers that integrate mechanical durability, superior conductivity, and adaptive functionalities. Here, a Fe²⁺-crosslinking strategy is employed to engineer structural-functional synergy in Ti₃C₂T_x MXene fibers, through the coordination bridging effect between Fe²⁺ ions and Ti₃C₂T_x surface functional groups. This design enhances interlayer interfacial coupling within the nanosheet framework, yielding highly aligned Ti₃C₂T_x fibers with outstanding mechanical strength (143.7 MPa) and electrical conductivity (2607 S cm^-1), simultaneously. As a result, the fibers exhibit excellent Joule heating effect for wearable thermal management, reaching 122°C within 2 min at 2 V. For energy storage, the as-prepared fibers show remarkable pseudocapacitive charge storage capacity of 1239 F cm^-3, enabling fiber-shaped supercapacitors with a high energy density of 14.12 mWh cm^-3 and peak power density of 6000.41 mW cm^-3, surpassing most previously reported MXene-based fiber devices. When woven into common textiles with programmable mesh architectures, the fabrics provide adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, with effectiveness up to 23.1 dB in a 1×1 cm² grid configuration. This multifunctional Ti₃C₂T_x fiber offers a versatile platform for integrated thermal management, self-powered microsystems, and electromagnetic protection textiles, demonstrating significant potential for next-generation wearable electronics.

Flexible electronics have emerged as a revolutionary paradigm to unlock novel possibilities across diverse fields such as wearables, healthcare, and wireless communications. Among the numerous materials, liquid metal (LM) thin films, characterized by high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high ductility, and biocompatibility, have become crucial materials for the fabrication of flexible electronics. Nevertheless, the current state-of-the-art technologies still face several challenges including complex preparation processes, poor compatibility with substrates, and insufficient mechanical stability. In this comprehensive review, the innovative preparation technologies for LM thin films including patterned printing methods, various coatings techniques, and interface-driven assembly approaches have been systematically summarized. The underlying design principle which involves modulating the ratio of composition materials and process conditions, are elucidated in detail. Moreover, their innovative applications in flexible electronics are concluded. Finally, we provide a forward-looking perspective on the future research and development trends in this burgeoning field. It aims to guide and inspire further scientific investigations and technological advancements.

Flexible pressure sensors are indispensable components in wearable electronics for health monitoring and exercise management. However, existing pressure sensors face a critical trade-off between high sensitivity and wide detection range. Herein, we present novel flexible pressure sensors based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), fabricated by direct ink writing (DIW) technology with a sacrificial template strategy. The integration of the high conductivity of PEDOT:PSS, the mechanical durability of TPU, and the engineered hierarchical porous structure with irregular surface topography enables the PEDOT:PSS/TPU-based pressure sensors (PPSs) to achieve an exceptionally wide detection range (0–1044 kPa), high sensitivity (30.178 kPa⁻¹), and outstanding cycling stability (over 10,000 cycles). Leveraging these advantages, the sensors have demonstrated exceptional performance in precise physiological monitoring, effective pressure mapping through sensor arrays, and reliable operation in extreme environments (e.g., cryogenic conditions at −196 °C and underwater). Furthermore, the successful integration with LED circuits and wireless Bluetooth systems highlights their potential for next-generation wearable electronics and personalized healthcare monitoring.

The growing interest in flexible devices has emerged as a global trend due to their advantages in flexibility, lightweight structure, and wearability, addressing the limitations of traditional devices. While wearable airflow sensors have been previously reported, the development of flexible fabric-based airflow sensors capable of functioning in environments with open flames—critical for fire rescue operations—has yet to be explored, largely due to the poor fire resistance of conventional fabrics. In this work, we first present a flexible, wearable, and multifunctional airflow sensor with excellent fire-resistant properties, fabricated through a simple direct laser writing process. This sensor maintains airflow detection capabilities even in the presence of open flames. Typically, the fabrication of fabric-based sensors involves complex procedures such as carbon materials doping or vapor-phase deposition, leading to lengthy preparation cycles and high costs. Furthermore, fabric-based devices are inherently prone to flammability. To address these challenges, we introduce twice-vertical laser-induced graphene (TVLIG) as a sensitive and reliable component for fire-resistant airflow sensors. The resulting TVLIG/Kevlar fabric can be integrated into various garments, particularly protective suits, to form sensitive and fire-resistant airflow sensors capable of detecting airflow velocity and direction in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spaces during fire incidents. Additionally, the TVLIG patterns can be expanded to multifunctional platforms, such as glucose detection for injured individuals, offering further applications in rescue operations. This functional expansion reduces the burden on rescue personnel and streamlines device preparation. With its outstanding sensing capabilities, fire resistance, and expandability, the developed flexible airflow sensor shows great potential for various real-world rescue scenarios, promising advancements in wearable sensing technology for rescue engineering.

Precise design and synthesis of sub-nano scale catalysts with controllable electronic and geometric structures are pivotal for enhancing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of molybdenum sulfide (MoS₂) and unraveling its structure−activity relationship. By leveraging transition molybdenum polysulfide clusters as functional units for multi-level ordering, we successfully designed and synthesized MoS_x nanowire networks derived from [Mo₃S₁₃]²⁻ clusters via evaporation-induced self-assembly, which exhibit enhanced HER activity attributed to a high density of active sites and dynamic evolution behavior under cathodic potentials. MoS_x nanowire networks electrode yields a current density of 100 mA·cm⁻² at 142 mV in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. This work provides an attractive prospect for optimizing catalysts at the sub-nano scale and offers insights into a strategy for designing catalysts in various gas evolution reactions.

Injectability empowers conductive hydrogels to transcend traditional limitations, unlocking a realm of possibilities for innovative medical, wearable, and therapeutic applications that can significantly enhance patient care and quality of life. Here, we report an injectable, self-healable, and reusable hydrogel obtained by mixing the concentrated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) suspension (~ 2 wt.% solid content), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and borax. Leveraging the presence of reversible borax/hydroxyl bonds and multiple hydrogen bonds, this PEDOT:PSS/PVA hydrogel exhibits notable shear-thinning behavior and self-healing capabilities, enabling it to be injected as a gel fiber from a syringe. As-prepared injectable hydrogel also demonstrates an ultra-low modulus (~ 2.5 MPa), reduced on-skin impedance (~ 45% of commercial electrodes), and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (~ 15–22 dB) in recording of electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Furthermore, the injectable hydrogels can be remolded and reinjected as the reusable electrodes, maintaining nearly identical electrophysiological recording capabilities and brain–computer interface (BCI) performance compared to commercial wet electrodes. With their straightforward fabrication, excellent material properties and electronic performance, ease of cleaning, and remarkable reusability, our injectable PEDOT:PSS/PVA hydrogels hold promise for advancements in BCI based electronics and wearable bioelectronics.

The weak van der Waals gap endows two dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) with the potential to realize guest intercalation and host exfoliation. Intriguingly, the liquid intercalation and exfoliation is a facile, low-cost, versatile and scalable strategy to modulate the structure and physiochemical property of TMDs via introducing foreign species into interlayer. In this review, firstly, we briefly introduce the resultant hybrid superlattice and disperse nanosheets with tailored properties fabricated via liquid intercalation and exfoliation. Subsequently, we systematically analyze the intercalation phenomenon and limitations of various intercalants in chemical or electrochemical methods. Afterwards, we intensely discuss diverse functionalities of resultant materials, focusing on their potential applications in energy conversion, energy storage, water purification, electronics, thermoelectrics and superconductor. Finally, we highlight the challenges and outlooks for precise and mass production of 2D TMDs-based materials via liquid intercalation and exfoliation. This review enriches the overview of liquid intercalation and exfoliation strategy, and paves the path for relevant high-performance devices.

As a clean, efficient, and sustainable energy, hydrogen is expected to replace traditional fossil energy. A series of studies focusing on morphology regulation, surface modification, and structural reconstruction have been devoted to improving the intrinsic catalytic activity of non-noble metal catalysts. However, complex system structure design and the mutual interference of various chemical components would hinder the further improvement of hydrogen evolution performance. In recent years, external field assisted hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has become a new research hotspot. Herein, we systematically summarize the promoting effects of various external fields on catalytic hydrogen production from the aspects of system design and catalytic mechanism, including electric field, thermal field, optical field, magnetic field, and acoustic field. Ultimately, we discuss the key challenges facing this external field regulation strategy and put forward the prospect of future research topics. We sincerely expect that this review could not only provide a new insight into the basic mechanism of external-assisted catalysis, but also promote further research on improving HER performance from a more diverse and comprehensive perspective.

Amorphous materials are one kind of nonequilibrium materials and have become one of the most active research fields. Compared with crystalline solids, the theory of amorphous materials is still in infancy because their characteristic of atomic arrangement is more like liquid and has no long-range periodicity. Recently, as the representative of amorphous materials, amorphous molybdenum sulfide (a-MoS_x) with unique physical and chemical properties has been studied extensively. However, considerable debate surrounds the structure–property relationships of a-MoS_x owing to its diverse Mo-S motifs. Herein, we summarize recent discoveries and research results regarding a-MoS_x, whose structural characteristics, synthetic strategies, formation criteria, and comprehensive applications are discussed in detail. Finally, this review is ended with our personal insights and critical outlooks over the development of a-MoS_x.

Heteroatom doping is a promising approach to enhance catalytic activity by modulating physical properties, electronic structure, and reaction pathway. Herein, we demonstrate that appropriate Ni-doping could trigger a preferential transition of the basal plane from 2H (trigonal prismatic) to 1T′ (clustered Mo) by inducing lattice distortion and S vacancy (SV) and thus dramatically facilitate its catalytic hydrogen evolution activity. It is noteworthy that the unique catalysts did possess superior catalytic performance of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The rate of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution could reach 20.45 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ and reduced only slightly in the long period of the photocatalytic process. First-principles calculations reveal that the distorted Ni-1T′-MoS₂ with SV could generate favorable water adsorption energy (E_ad(H₂O)) and Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (∆G_H). This work exhibits a facile and promising pathway for synergistically regulating physical properties, electronic structure, or wettability based on the doping strategy for designing HER electrocatalysts.