This study contains integrated in situ observations from three research cruises (2019–2020), one of which encountered the tropical cyclone Sinlaku. The results show that the depth-integrated phytoplankton abundance and carbon biomass in the open sea was more than eightfold and sixfold, respectively, than those in the shelf. Diatoms were the major contributors in shelf areas. In the open sea, Trichodesmium was dominant, exhibiting abundances more than sixteen times higher than shelf areas and exceeding diatom and dinoflagellate abundances by three to nine orders of magnitude near the surface. In the period affected by tropical cyclone Sinlaku, total phytoplankton abundance and carbon biomass increased markedly compared to non-cyclone conditions, with horizontal and vertical distributions showing significant fluctuations due to the patchy distribution of high-density aggregations. Dinoflagellates were the dominant carbon biomass contributor at the 25 m layer, accounting for 71.13% of total carbon biomass. Species-level analysis of carbon biomass and equivalent spherical diameter confirmed that chain-forming diatoms and large-size dinoflagellates were significant participants in the carbon pool. Statistical and modeling approaches identified salinity and vertical stratification as key environmental drivers of shelf assemblages, while cyclone-induced coupling of temperature and nutrients played a critical role in shaping open-sea phytoplankton.

Despite extensive research documenting the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems, the molecular mechanisms driving organismal and ecosystem resilience to ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation remain insufficiently understood. This review addresses this knowledge gap by synthesizing recent advances in omics technologies―including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics―that illuminate adaptive genetic, metabolic, and epigenetic processes in marine organisms. These approaches help identify climate-tolerant genetic variants, uncover metabolic pathways for stress mitigation, and reveal epigenetic modifications enabling rapid adaptation. Together, such insights are transforming biodiversity monitoring, predictive ecosystem modeling, and the evidence-based design of climate-resilient marine protected areas (MPAs) grounded in genomic and functional diversity. Studies on marine microbial communities further provide promising avenues for blue carbon ecosystem enhancement and climate mitigation. Integrating omics findings into global governance frameworks, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and International Maritime Organization (IMO), strengthens adaptive fisheries management, spatial planning, and climate-resilient policy. Key challenges for multi-omics integration are discussed alongside innovative solutions, such as integrative analytical approaches and the adoption of standardized molecular indicators. By bridging molecular science, policy, and management, this review outlines how interdisciplinary collaboration can advance adaptive and sustainable stewardship of the ocean in an era of unprecedented environmental change.