Taking the national key cultural relics protection units in Gansu Province as the research object, based on the spatial analysis technology of geographic information, the time evolution, spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of cultural relics in Gansu Province is studied through GIS and other quantitative analysis tools. It presents that the distribution of cultural relics in Gansu Province is in the form of aggregation distribution as a whole, which has significant regional differences in regional space, and there are also significant stage characteristics in each historical period. By analyzing the causes of its layout, it is found that the interaction of natural factors and social factors has a synergistic driving effect on the formation of the spatio-temporal pattern of national key cultural relics protection units. Based on this, some suggestions are put forward for the protection and utilization of cultural relics.