As a high-precision temperature sensor with superior anti-interference capability, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) holds broad application potential in modern temperature measurement. This study designed and fabricated an FBG-based temperature measurement experimental instrument, enabling simultaneous single-point thermometry and real-time reconstruction of 2D temperature field distribution through theoretical analysis, experimental design and data processing. Leveraging the linear relationship between the Bragg wavelength shift of FBG and temperature variations, combined with adaptive peak-seeking algorithm and Gaussian fitting techniques, the system achieves significant improvement in temperature measurement accuracy and multi-peak spectral analysis capabilities. Experimental results demonstrate that the instrument exhibits excellent linear response within a specific temperature range, with a temperature sensitivity coefficient of approximately 10.54~10.98 pm/℃. Based on this platform, hierarchical experimental pedagogy can be systematically designed to meet the demand for cultivating students’ innovative practical skills in physics laboratory courses under the emerging engineering education framework.