Food processing activities emit a number of air pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM), which has emerged as a significant environmental risk factor for human health. In recent years, increased emphasis has been paid to the detrimental health impacts of air pollution. PM, being a primary component of air pollution, has historically been seen as predominantly damaging to the respiratory system. Still, with the deepening of the research, PM enters the intestinal tract through the internal circulation, causing intestinal damage and gut microbiome (GM) disorders, which affects the function of GM, and through the portal or intestinal barriers, it brings a harmful effect on the liver of the human body. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research progress in recent years through the intestinal flora, the mechanism of PM-induced liver injury and the intervention mechanism of lactobacilli (LAB), and explores the effects of PM on the gut-liver axis, and the intervention role of lactobacilli (LAB) through those mechanisms, to provide scientific new ideas for the study of LAB intervention in PM-induced GM disorders leading to liver injury.