The military application of artificial intelligence (AI) is advancing far faster than global governance, with AI-assisted targeting, reconnaissance, and autonomous systems already deployed in active conflicts such as those in Ukraine and the Middle East. It not only restructures the tempo and scale of warfare but also brings profound ethical and operational risks, including algorithmic opacity and the excessive dilution of meaningful human control over lethal military decisions. Existing international humanitarian law and voluntary corporate commitments are insufficient to address these challenges. Drawing on lessons from historical arms control regimes, this article calls for an urgent global binding convention to regulate AI warfare, with scientists and international mechanisms like the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) playing key roles in promoting rule-making.

Renewable energy technology transfer in developing countries is vital in addressing the global challenges of climate change and energy crises. However, the environmental impact, especially the carbon emission and mitigation properties during technology transfer, has not been explored. In this study, six renewable energy technology transfer projects (four solar photovoltaic and two biogas projects) from China to Ethiopia have been studied using a life cycle assessment to identify the carbon footprint and comparative emission reduction potential between these projects. Results indicated: 1) Solar photovoltaic and biogas technologies exhibit significant differences in greenhouse gas emissions and reduction potential characteristics. 2) Solar photovoltaic technology demonstrates a more competitive effect in terms of carbon emission reduction and efficiency. 3) Biogas technology exhibits a more favorable transfer effect on global mitigation benefits and costs. This study demonstrates that the renewable energy technology transfer project maintains a better low-carbon characteristic and substantially contributes to low-carbon energy transformation and climate change mitigation.