The pathogenic mechanisms by which oral microbial communities affect the occurrence and development of dental caries remain unclear. Applications that make use of high-through put sequencing technologies and metaomics approaches to research dental caries etiology can provide new ideas about disease prevention and treatment. In this article, we review advanced research presented in metaomics studies, including genomic, metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic and metabolomics studies of dental caries.