As a widely consumed food, the safety of dairy products has gained much attention. Studies have found that high levels of natural estrogen and the abuse or illegal use of synthetic estrogen in dairy products may lead to endocrine disorders and even induce cancers. It has also been found that estrogen can interact with G-protein coupled estrogen receptors (GPER) to control a rapid non-genomic pathway based on calcium ion channels, which is distinct from the classical genomic pathway mediated by nuclear receptors (estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ). In this review, we describe the relationship between GPER and estrogen and estrogen detection in dairy products, with focus on recent progress in the biological methods for the detection of estrogen in dairy products. Furthermore, an outlook on the application potential of GPER in estrogen detection in dairy products is given.

Medium- and long-chain free fatty acids are not only an important source of energy for the body, but also important signal molecules in the body’s immunity. Recent studies have shown that medium- and long-chain free fatty acids interact with free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) 1 and 4 to regulate insulin secretion and inflammation and in turn the body’s immune system and metabolism. In this review, we discuss the nutritional role and metabolism of dietary medium- and longchain free fatty acids in the body, focusing on the latest progress in understanding the key physiological functions of medium and long-chain free fatty acids and their receptor-mediated signal pathways in taste signal transduction, metabolic regulation, and immune response and in research on synthetic agonists of FFAR1 and FFAR4.