Resveratrol, as a popular research substance, is favoured for its health-promoting, anti-aging and immunomodulatory properties. In order to further reveal the immune function of resveratrol as well as the immunomodulatory mechanism, in the present study, formulated low, medium and high doses of resveratrol solutions were administered by gavage to healthy male rats. Twenty-seven serum cytokines, glucose, lactate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and 13 metabolic enzymes were detected, and the cytokine-mediated signaling network and metabolic network were constructed and the correlation analysis between the two networks was performed. The results showed that the two experimental groups of low and medium resveratrol presented the results of reduced catabolism and enhanced anabolism, which were most significant in the low-dose group and enhanced catabolism in the high-dose group. Among them, the low dose of resveratrol significantly increased the rate of change in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and chemokine LIX, significantly decreased the rate of change in the concentration of chemokine MCP-1, and significantly decreased the rate of change in the concentration of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase 3-phosphate (GAPDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), α-keto glutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDHC), and very significantly elevated the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Overall, low dose of resveratrol may be more beneficial in combating metabolic disorders. Moreover, multiple cytokines and enzymes showed significant strong correlations, i.e., different doses of resveratrol regulated the entire metabolic network by altering the rate of synthesis and secretion of cytokines/chemokines, which in turn altered the transcription and expression of enzymes in the central carbon metabolic pathway.

As a widely consumed food, the safety of dairy products has gained much attention. Studies have found that high levels of natural estrogen and the abuse or illegal use of synthetic estrogen in dairy products may lead to endocrine disorders and even induce cancers. It has also been found that estrogen can interact with G-protein coupled estrogen receptors (GPER) to control a rapid non-genomic pathway based on calcium ion channels, which is distinct from the classical genomic pathway mediated by nuclear receptors (estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ). In this review, we describe the relationship between GPER and estrogen and estrogen detection in dairy products, with focus on recent progress in the biological methods for the detection of estrogen in dairy products. Furthermore, an outlook on the application potential of GPER in estrogen detection in dairy products is given.

Medium- and long-chain free fatty acids are not only an important source of energy for the body, but also important signal molecules in the body’s immunity. Recent studies have shown that medium- and long-chain free fatty acids interact with free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) 1 and 4 to regulate insulin secretion and inflammation and in turn the body’s immune system and metabolism. In this review, we discuss the nutritional role and metabolism of dietary medium- and longchain free fatty acids in the body, focusing on the latest progress in understanding the key physiological functions of medium and long-chain free fatty acids and their receptor-mediated signal pathways in taste signal transduction, metabolic regulation, and immune response and in research on synthetic agonists of FFAR1 and FFAR4.

Fructose and glucose are often widely used in food processing and may contribute to many metabolic diseases. To observe the effects of different doses of glucose and fructose on human metabolism and cellular communication, volunteers were given low, medium, and high doses of glucose and fructose. Serum cytokines, glucose, lactate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and metabolic enzymes were assayed, and central carbon metabolic pathway networks and cytokine communication networks were constructed. The results showed that the glucose and fructose groups basically maintained the trend of decreasing catabolism and increasing anabolism with increasing dose. Compared with glucose, low-dose fructose decreased catabolism and increased anabolism, significantly enhanced the expression of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), induced protein-10 (IP-10), and eotaxin, and significantly reduced the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDHC). Both medium and high doses of fructose increase catabolism and anabolism, and there are more cytokines and enzymes with significant changes. Furthermore, multiple cytokines and enzymes show strong relevance to metabolic regulation by altering the transcription and expression of enzymes in central carbon metabolic pathways. Therefore, excessive intake of fructose should be reduced to avoid excessive inflammatory responses, allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases.

The energy substances (mainly carbohydrates and fats) are the basis and guarantee of life activity, especially the oxidative phosphorylation for energy supply. However, excessive absorption and accumulation of these substances can lead to metabolic diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cancers. A large amount of studies demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in identification and absorption of energy substances, and the signaling network of nerves, immune, and endocrine regulates their storage and utilization. The gastrointestinal mucus layer not only identifies these substances through identification in diet components but also transfers immune, metabolic, and endocrine signals of hormones, cytokines, and chemokines by promoting interactions between receptors and ligands. These signaling molecules are transferred to corresponding organs, tissues, and cells by the circulatory system, and cell activity is regulated by amplifying of cell signals that constitute the wireless communication network among cells in the body. Absorption, accumulation, and utilization of energy substances in the body obey the law of energy conservation. Energy is stored in the form of fat, and meets the demand of body via two coupled mechanisms: catabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Under normal physiological conditions, fat consumption involves ketone body metabolism through the circulatory system and glucose consumption requires blood lactic acid cycle. Accumulation of excessive energy leads to the abnormal activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), thus promoting the excretion of glucose or glycogen in the form of blood glucose and urine glucose. Alternatively, the body cancels the intercellular contact inhibition and promotes cell proliferation to induce carcinogenesis, which can induce the consumption of large amounts of glucose. Intercellular communication is performed by signaling molecules via sensing, absorption, accumulation, and utilization of energy substances, and anabolism and catabolism are controlled by the central metabolic pathway. Therefore, slower catabolism will result in longer life expectancy, whereas faster catabolism results in shorter life expectancy. Energy substances in diet influence the balance between energy and metabolism in the body through the sensing function of the gastrointestinal system at two levels: cellular communication network and metabolic network. The present review of studies aims to strengthen our knowledge on cellular communication and metabolic networks to offer a dietary guidance on the metabolism and communication role of various foods.

How do functional foods affect human health? To answer this question it is important to understand what happens when food is digested and taken up by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The gut is a selective nutrient absorption system and the most important signal transduction and information exchange system within the body. It acts as a signal transducer, a neuroendocrine sensor, and an immunological recognition and presentation system. It is also a complex information exchange system comprising a number of signaling networks involving GI cells and cells immobilized in organs or transported in blood. The bioactivity of functional foods in vivo may be due to their effects on such networks, but this raises the question of what signaling pathways are used by non-nutrients that cannot be absorbed by the gut. The purpose of this review is to describe intestinal nutrient transportation, identify a number of widely expressed receptors and signal transduction pathways, and outline our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in health and disease. At the end of the review, a method for developing a cell communication network is described. This network is convenient for investigating the effects of oral administration of experimental medicines, drugs, or functional foods on cytokines of interest. Because cytokines and chemokines are transported via the circulatory system, a simple 2–3 mL blood sample from a volunteer is a rich source of information. This method may become the gold standard for evaluating the effects of functional foods or medicines in vivo.