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Real-space observation of low-temperature charge density wave in layered itinerant ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2
Nano Research 2026, 19(1): 94907825
Published: 22 December 2025
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Charge density wave, a periodic modulation of electronic charge density often accompanied by a periodic lattice distortion, plays a vital role to induce exotic phenomena in condensed matter physics. In non-magnetic quantum materials, contrast inversion in scanning tunneling microscopy images, observed between opposite bias polarity, serves as a hallmark of the charge density wave. However, in itinerant ferromagnetic systems, charge density wave formation competes with magnetism: A charge density wave order typically reduces the density of states at the Fermi level, while the Stoner criterion for spontaneous spin polarization requires a high density of states at Fermi level. Therefore, direct real-space observation of such polarity-dependent contrast inversion in ferromagnetic materials remains elusive and experimentally challenging. Here, we demonstrate the observation of a charge density wave in itinerant ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2 associated with 3 × 3 superlattice, revealed through polarity-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy imaging. Importantly, we observe a gap-like dip at the Fermi level in tunneling spectra, serving additional evidence for the emergence of charge density wave in Fe5GeTe2. Interestingly, the strength of charge modulation can be systematically tuned by Fe1 vacancies and impurities, while the spectroscopic intensity shows a high sensitivity to surface degradation. Our finding provides an inspiring insight to charge density wave on the van der Waals ferromagnetic materials.

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