In the literature of mathematical inequalities, one can have different variants of the well-known Hadamard inequality for CFD (Caputo fractional derivatives). These variants include generalizations, extensions and refinements which have been proved by defining new classes of functions. This paper aims to formulate inequalities of the Hadamard type which will simultaneously produce refinements and generalizations of many fractional versions of such inequalities that already exist in the literature. The error bounds of some existing inequalities are also proved by applying well-known identities. The results given in this paper are improvements of several well-known Hadamard type Caputo fractional derivative inequalities.

In this article, the bounds of unified integral operators are studied by using a new notion called refined $(\alpha ,h-m)-p$-convex function. The upper and lower bounds in the form of Hadamard inequality are established. From the results of this paper, refinements of well-known inequalities can be obtained by imposing additional conditions.

The main objective of this paper is to derive some new post quantum analogues of Dragomir–Agarwal and Iyengar type integral inequalities essentially by using the strongly $\phi$-preinvexity and strongly quasi $\phi$-preinvexity properties of the mappings, respectively. We also discuss several new special cases which show that the results obtained are quite unifying. In order to illustrate the efficiency of our main results, some applications regarding $(\mathrm{p},\mathrm{q})$-differentiable mappings that are in absolute value bounded are given.

In this paper, we find the solution of the time-fractional Newell-Whitehead-Segel equation with the help of two different methods. The newell-Whitehead-Segel equation plays an efficient role in nonlinear systems, describing the stripe patterns' appearance in two-dimensional systems. Four case study problems of Newell-Whitehead-Segel are solved by the proposed methods with the aid of the Antagana-Baleanu fractional derivative operator and the Laplace transform. The numerical results obtained by suggested techniques are compared with an exact solution. To show the effectiveness of the proposed methods, we show exact and analytical results compared with the help of graphs and tables, which are in strong agreement with each other. Also, the results obtained by implementing the suggested methods at various fractional orders are compared, which confirms that the solution gets closer to the exact solution as the value tends from fractional-order towards integer order. Moreover, proposed methods are interesting, easy and highly accurate in solving various nonlinear fractional-order partial differential equations.

This paper investigates fractional-order partial differential equations analytically by applying a modified technique called the Laplace residual power series method. The analytical solution was utilized to test the accuracy and precision of the proposed methodologies and shown by tables and graphs. The solution is a convergent series established on Taylor's new form. When determining the series coefficients like RPSM, the fractional derivatives must be calculated every time. We only need to perform a few computations to obtain the coefficients because LRPSM only requires the concept of an infinite limit. The advantage of this method is that it does not require Adomian polynomials or he's polynomials to solve nonlinear problems. As a result, the method's reduced computation size is a strength. The outcome we got supports the idea that the suggested method is the best one for handling any non-linear models that appear in technology and science.

In this article, a new generalized iterative technique is presented for finding the approximate solution of a system of linear equations $Ax=b$. The efficiency of iterative technique is analyzed by implementing it on some examples, and then comparing with existing methods. A parameter introduced in the method plays very vital role for a better and rapid solution. Convergence analysis is also examined. Findings of this paper may stimulate further research in this area.

The aim of this article is to present a comparison of two analytical approaches toward obtaining the solution of the time-fractional system of partial differential equations. The newly proposed approaches are the new approximate analytical approach (NAAA) and Mohand variational iteration transform approach (MVITA). The NAAA is based on the Caputo-Riemann operator and its basic properties with the decomposition procedure. The NAAA provides step wise series form solutions with fractional order, which quickly converge to the exact solution for integer order. The MVITA is based on a variational iteration procedure and uses the Mohand integral transform. The MVITA also provides a series solution without a stepwise solution. Both approaches provide a series form of solutions to the proposed problems. The analytical procedures and obtained results are compared for the proposed problems. The obtained results were also compared with exact solutions for the problems. The obtained result and plots have shown the validity and applicability of the proposed algorithms. Both approaches can be extended for the analytical solution of other physical phenomena in science and technology.

The present paper is the result of a contemplative study of a multi-time control problem (MCP) by considering its associated equivalent auxiliary control problem (MCP) ${}_{\varsigma }$ via the exact $l_1$ penalty method. Further study reveals that the solution set of the considered problem and the auxiliary problem exhibits an equivalence under the KT-pseudoinvexity hypothesis. Moreover, the study is extended towards the saddle point defined for (MCP) to establish the relationship between the solution set of multi-time control problem (MCP) and its associated equivalent auxiliary control problem (MCP) ${}_{\varsigma }$. Finally, we present an illustrative application to authenticate the results presented in this paper.

The two approaches to solving nonlinear Caputo time-fractional wave-like equations with variable coefficients are examined in this study. The Homotopy perturbation transform method and the Yang transform decomposition method are the names of these two techniques. Three separate numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and precision of the suggested methods. The results were acquired to demonstrate the effectiveness and power of the two approaches, providing estimates with better precision and closed form solutions. The solutions to these kinds of equations can be found using the suggested methods as infinite series, and when these series are in closed form, they provide the exact solution. The suggested techniques have been demonstrated to be effective and efficient in their application. Three numerical examples are used to examine the methods accuracy and effectiveness.

The role of integral inequalities can be seen in both applied and theoretical mathematics fields. According to the definition of convexity, it is possible to relate both concepts of convexity and integral inequality. Furthermore, convexity plays a key role in the topic of inclusions as a result of its definitional behavior. The importance and superior applications of convex functions are well known, particularly in the areas of integration, variational inequality, and optimization. In this paper, various types of inequalities are introduced using inclusion relations. The inclusion relation enables us firstly to derive some Hermite-Hadamard inequalities (H.H-inequalities) and then to present Jensen inequality for harmonical $h$-Godunova-Levin interval-valued functions (GL-IVFS) via Riemann integral operator. Moreover, the findings presented in this study have been verified with the use of useful examples that are not trivial.