To assess the current status of early surgical site infections following prosthetic implantation in plastic surgery across four provincial-level administrative regions in China, and to explore the effectiveness of standardized training for infection prevention and control.

From January to May 2025, an online questionnaire survey was conducted to perform a baseline investigation in medical institutions performing plastic and aesthetic prosthetic implant surgeries in Chongqing, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, and Guizhou provinces. Data were collected on the volume of various types of prosthetic implant surgeries and the corresponding incidence of early surgical site infections. Improvement strategies for the prevention and control of early surgical site infections in prosthetic implant surgeries were jointly developed by the National Medical Quality Control Center for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery and the National Medical Quality Control Center for Hospital Infection Management, followed by promotion and training. Subsequently, post-implementation data from June to October 2025 were collected from the above regions, and comparisons were made between pre- and post-implementation periods across different regions and surgical categories.

A total of 209 medical institutions were included in the baseline period, with a questionnaire response rate of 99.52% and a total of 7475 prosthetic implantation surgeries. In the post-implementation period, 624 medical institutions were included, with a response rate of 96.00% and a total of 4813 surgeries. The combined proportion of breast prosthesis implantation and nasal/nasal base prosthesis implantation surgeries consistently exceeded 80% across all regions and periods. Regarding the distribution of infection cases, among different types of prosthetic implant surgeries, nasal/nasal base prostheses accounted for the highest proportion, with 57.50%(23/40) at baseline and 62.86% 22/35) post-implementation. The proportion of breast prosthesis infections decreased from 40.00%(16/40) at baseline to 17.14%(6/35) post-implementation. Across different regions, infection cases in Jiangxi (post-implementation)(100%), Guizhou[both baseline(100%) and post-implementation(100%)] were all concentrated in nasal/nasal base prostheses. Shaanxi reported four cases of chin prosthesis infections (22.22%) during the post-implementation period, and Chongqing reported three cases of metal-related infections(27.27%) during the post-implementation period. In terms of infection rates, Chongqing(0.55% vs. 0.26%) and the overall combined regions (0.73% vs. 0.54%) showed higher infection rates post-implementation compared to baseline, while Shaanxi(0.93% vs. 1.05%), Jiangxi(0.29% vs. 1.38%), and Guizhou(0.91% vs. 1.22%) showed lower infection rates post-implementation; none of these differences reached statistical significance (all P > 0.05). The infection rate for metal-related prostheses increased significantly in Chongqing(1.43% vs. 0, P=0.04) and in the overall combined regions(1.22% vs. 0, P=0.04), while no significant differences were observed for other surgical categories within the same regions (all P > 0.05).

Breast prostheses and nasal/nasal base prostheses currently represent the main types of implants used in prosthetic implantation surgeries. The improvement strategies implemented in this study were associated with decreased early surgical site infection rates in multiple regions, suggesting that these strategies provide clinical insights for the prevention and control of early infections following prosthetic implantation surgeries in China.

To compare and understand the trends in quality control data changes in public and private medical institutions specializing in plastic and aesthetic major in China over the past three years.

The national quality control center of plastic and aesthetic major formulated quality control indicators, collected indicator data through the National Clinical Improvement System, conducted feedback verification on the data, organized and summarized the final data, and convened expert committees to analyze the data change trends.

In the past three years, the number of both public and private medical institutions specializing in plastic and aesthetic major has shown an upward trend. The number of doctors increased significantly in 2022, with over 90% of doctors in public institutions (about 70% in private institutions) receiving higher education. In recent years, the proportion of doctors from other specialties engaging in plastic and aesthetic activities has increased. The proportion of inpatients seeking aesthetic treatments has also increased. Among outpatient patients, the proportion of injection procedures was relatively low. About one-third of private medical institutions have not yet adopted an electronic medical record system.

Data feedback is the cornerstone of medical quality control in Chinese plastic and aesthetic major. Existing data indicates that the related industry is developing steadily, but there is still room for improvement in terms of some indicator data. However, due to the limited data from private medical institutions, it is still necessary to encourage them to improve their reporting enthusiasm in order to conduct a more comprehensive assessment in the future.

To construct a quality control indicators system for Chinese plastic and aesthetic major and lay foundation for medical quality control.

National Quality Control Center of Plastic and Aesthetic Major established a working group in February 2023. Guided by the "structure-process-outcome" theory, the working group formulated medical quality control indicators for Plastic and Aesthetic major by learning from relevant indicators of other majors, reviewing literature, discussing in meetings, and combining opinions from quality control experts. The quality control indicators system was finally established by Delphi expert consultation.

Delphi survey was 100% of 2 rounds. The authorities of 2 rounds of expert consultation were 0.854 and 0.857. The harmonious coefficients were 0.387 of primary indicators and 0.425 of secondary indicators(P < 0.01). The finalized indicators system includes 3 primary indicators and 9 secondary indicators.

The quality control indicators system established in this study for Plastic and Aesthetic major in China has a certain degree of scientificity and rationality, which offers reference for medical quality control of Plastic and Aesthetic major in China. However, this system should be improved and ameliorated in practical application.