Mineral elements play a crucial role in plant growth and development. Ensuring the proper supply of these elements in the soil to maintain the optimum range within plants is necessary for achieving optimal fruit yield and quality. Unfortunately, the application of NPKCaMg fertilizers to fruit trees is often either insufficient or excessive, leading to environmental degradation and reduced fruit yield and quality. To assess the impacts of different fertilizers on the biological traits of grapes and their responses to nutritional elements, Merlot grapevines were subjected to multi-nutrient fertilization over four consecutive growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 in Penglai District, Yantai, China. Principal component analysis revealed that the T11 treatment, consisting of N3P3K1Ca2Mg4, was the most suitable fertilizer type and application design among the treatments. The application of T11 resulted in a significantly lower (24.29–35.20%) fertilizer usage, and it resulted in increases in several important traits such as 100-grain weight (HGW), number of seeds (SN), total soluble solids (TSS), total seed phenols (SP), seed flavanols (SFI), and seed tannins (ST) by 3.28–12.84%, 3.76–20.03%, 1.11–14.95%, 2.16–23.69%, 11.00–32.78%, and 1.07–23.35%, respectively, compared to the T14 (N4P2K3Ca1Mg4), T16 (N4P4K1Ca3Mg2), T13 (N4P1K4Ca2Mg3), and T15 (N4P3K2Ca4Mg1) treatments. Flowering and fruiting processes exhibited a considerable demand for NPK, with higher requirements for K and B during fruit growth and development compared to the other macroelements and micronutrients, respectively. Excessive K in soil enhanced the competitive inhibition of Ca uptake by Merlot grapevines. The optimal ranges of mineral element contents for total peel phenols (PP), peel flavanols (PFI), total peel flavonoids (PFD), total seed phenols (SP), and seed tannins (ST) were primarily influenced by grape variety and nutritional analysis method. In conclusion, the careful selection of NPKCaMg fertilizer and its precise application to soil at an optimum range of mineral elements is critical for grapevine growth and development.
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The purpose of this study was to develop molecular markers suitable for the identification of grape aroma phenotypes, so as to provide a theoretical basis for grape molecular assisted breeding.
The aroma components and content of 45 grape varieties were determined by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas-phase mass spectrometry, and the structural variation and SNP variation of VvAAT gene were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and amplicon sequencing, respectively.
A total of 65 aroma components were found in 45 grape varieties, which could be divided into four types: esters, alcohols, terpenes and aldehydes. Among them, the content of esters showed significant variety differences, and 20 grape varieties such as Kyoho were rich in volatile esters, but little volatile esters was detected in other 25 grape varieties such as 87-1. A total of 5 structural variants have been found in the VvAAT gene. Types I, II, IV and V could not be translated correctly due to premature termination codons or fragment insertion mutations. Only type III could be translated aright. According to the results of the phylogenetic tree analysis of their amino acid sequences, Type III could be divided into two types: III.1 and III.2. Combining the aroma data, it could be inferred that III.1 was functional, while the rest were non-functional. Amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed 8 SNP sites (T32C, A69T, G436C, A1247G, A1818T, G1929T, A1959G, and C1975G) located in the exon region of the VvAAT gene, all of which caused mutations in the coding amino acids. It could accurately distinguish between ester-rich varieties and ester-poor varieties, with an accuracy rate of 97.8%.
VvAAT gene locus had abundant genetic variation, including gene structure variation and SNP variation; 8 SNP loci located in the coding region of VvAAT gene could accurately determine the phenotype of volatile esters, which could be applied to grape molecular assisted breeding.
In order to screen high-efficiency grape rootstocks with different nutrients, the nutrient uptake and utilization efficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in 87-1 grape variety grafted with 12 rootstock varieties were studied, which was beneficial to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of rootstocks and the improvement of fertilizer utilization in grape production.
From January 2020 to November 2021, the whole grape plants sampled from 87-1 grape variety grafted with 12 rootstock varieties at the key growth stages, such as germination stage, initial flowering stage, end bloom stage, seed development stage, veraison stage, maturation stage and deciduous stage, were carried out for two consecutive years, respectively. Based on mineral element content of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in plants, the element accumulation per plant, dry matter production efficiency (DMPE), fruit production efficiency (FPE) and harvest index (HI) of each combination were calculated. And then, the differences between each indexes were analyzed, and the effects of different rootstocks on the absorption and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were compared.
The significant differences in the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg per plant among different stock were found, 87-1/34EM of which had the highest accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Using DMPE and FPE as indicators, the biological and economic utilization efficiencies of nutrients (BUE and EUE) were evaluated. N and K of 87-1/420A combination had the highest DMPE, and 87-1/Beta and 87-1/101-14 combinations had higher DMPE of P and Ca. DMPE of Mg in 87-1/5BB combination performed better. The FPE of K was the best within 1103P rootstock, while the 101-14 rootstock had the highest FPE of N, P, Ca and Mg. The HI reflected the absorption and distribution of nutrients in the fruit. Under different rootstock treatments, the Beta rootstock had the highest HI of P and K, and the HI of N, while Ca and Mg was the highest within SO4, 5BB and Huapu No. 1 rootstock, respectively.
The grape absorptions of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg within different rootstocks were significantly different, and the absorption capacity and utilization efficiency showed inconsistency. Beta and 101-14 rootstocks had higher BUE and EUE of P and Ca. The BUE and EUE of K within 1103P rootstock was higher. 420A and 5BB rootstocks performed the best BUE in terms of N and Mg, respectively, while 101-14 rootstocks performed best EUE in terms of those. In addition, The Beta rootstocks promoted the distribution of P and K to fruits. SO4, 5BB and Huapu No. 1 rootstocks promoted the distribution of N, Ca and Mg to fruits, respectively.
The effects of different irrigation amounts on grape berry quality, aroma component accumulation, and the expression level of aroma compounds biosynthetic genes were studied to determine the relationship between irrigation patterns and sensory quality of table grapes, so as to provide a reference for choosing the optimal irrigation amount in root-restricted cultivation.
The table grape cultivar Shine Muscat was used as the test material, the control group (CK), the mild water deficit group (DI-1), and the severe water deficit group (DI-2) were set up to systematically compare the effect of different irrigation amounts on the morphological indicators, appearance color indicators, aroma components, and expression levels of terpene biosynthetic genes of grape berries.
Irrigation amount could affect the morphological and texture characteristics of grape berries. Comparing with other treatments, the longitudinal diameter of grape berries at harvest time was not significantly affected by irrigation amount, while the horizontal diameter and single berry weight of grape berries in deficit irrigation group were significantly reduced. The firmness of grape pulp also decreased under the influence of deficit irrigation, especially under DI-2 group, of which the pulp firmness was significantly lower than that under other treatment groups. Meanwhile, the glucose content in the grape berries under the deficit irrigation group DI-1 and DI-2 was significantly higher than that under the control treatment, and the fructose content under the severe deficit irrigation group DI-2 was significantly higher than that under other treatments. Mild deficit irrigation of DI-1 exerted little effect on the content of total soluble solids and titratable acid in grape berries. The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids in grape skins were decreased under the deficit irrigation treatment, and the ratio of the chlorophyll content to carotenoids content in the skins of the DI-2 group was the lowest. Additionally, the amount of irrigation also affected the accumulation of aroma components in grape berries. The terpenes compounds reached the highest content in the berries of the DI-1 group, such as limonene, phellandrene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, (E)-β-ocimene, terpinolene, (E)-furanoxylinalool, linalool, dihydrolinalool, α-terpineol, citronellol, nerol, and geraniol, followed by the content of terpenes under the DI-2 group, and the lowest under the control group. As for esters, the total content of those compounds under the DI-1 group was the highest, followed by the control group, and the content of the DI-2 group was the lowest. For the total amount of aldehydes, the content in the DI-1 group were significantly lower than those in the control group and DI-2 group. For the total amount of higher alcohols, the content of DI-1 group was the highest, followed by DI-2 group, and the control group was the lowest. There were differences in the expression patterns of terpene biosynthesis-related genes under different irrigation conditions. The expression of VvDXS1, VvDXS2, VvDXR, VvDHR, VvPNLinNer1, VvCSLinNer, VvGwbOci, VvCSbOci and VvGwGer were up-regulated in response to water deficit.
According to the accumulation of aroma components and the comprehensive score of sensory quality, the mild water deficit (60%-70% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field) could better promote the formation of aroma quality of Shine Muscat grape berries and improve their commercial value.
Open Access
Research paper
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Achieving global fruit demand can be realized through the application of agricultural technologies. However, it is crucial to first overcome the enormous agricultural challenges posed by the implementation of efficient irrigation technologies. To address the issues related to inadequate water supply and inefficient traditional fruit tree irrigation methods, we propose a cost-effective and efficient approach—the “439” field precision irrigation scheme. This scheme predicts four relative soil water content minimum thresholds (RSWCTs) and maximum (RSWCTe) thresholds [relative to the percentage of field capacity (FC)] for starting and ending irrigation. By exploring the relationship between RSWCTs, RSWCTe and fruit quality, we assessed the scheme's effectiveness. A practical case study was conducted on grape (Vitis vinifera L., ‘87-1’) cultivated in a facility from 2019 to 2022 to evaluate the scheme's impact on irrigation management. The results indicate that maintaining 70%–80% FC from germination stage (GS) to end bloom stage (EBS), 70%–80% FC from EBS to veraison stage (VS), 55%–70% FC from VS to maturation stage (MS), and 55%–65% FC from MS to deciduous stage (DS) improve single grain weight (SGW). Similarly, to improve total soluble solid content, 60%–80% FC is suggested from GS to EBS, 70%–80% FC from EBS to VS, 60%–70% FC from VS to MS, and 60%–70% FC from MS to DS. To improve peel strength and fruit quality index (FQI), 70%–80% FC is recommended from GS to EBS, 60%–70% FC from EBS to VS, 55%–65% FC from VS to MS, and 55%–70% FC from MS to DS. This management tool helps farmers optimize irrigation efficiency and increase profits by growing high-quality fruit. In summary, the implementation of the “439” field precision irrigation system, coupled with fruit quality analysis, holds promise for enhancing water efficiency in precision agriculture.
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