To address the needs of forest fire prevention and suppression, an evaluation method was developed for assessing the fire-protection function of forest road networks. The method characterizes the spatial distribution of firefighting capacity, identifies areas with functional deficiencies, and proposes targeted improvement strategies, thereby supporting sustainable forest management and multifunctional development.

Based on geographic information system technology and multi-criteria decision-making methods, this study takes the Lutou experimental forest farm as the research area. From technical, economic, and environmental dimensions, ten evaluation indicators are selected, including road network density and the proportion of high kernel density areas, road coverage, accessibility to water sources, proportion of roads within the 2 km service area of firefighting facilities, mileage-based benefit, mileage-based cost, proportion of routes passing through slope-restricted areas, terrain undulation-restricted areas, and NDVI-restricted areas. The analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method are employed to determine the subjective and objective weights of influencing factors, respectively, and the comprehensive weights are calculated using the weighted average method. On the basis of indicator interval assignment and weight integration, a fire-protection capacity evaluation model for the forest road network is constructed.

The overall fire-protection performance of the forest road network is evaluated as excellent, with particularly strong performance in terms of firefighting accessibility and water source availability, ensuring that most areas can receive timely assistance in the event of a wildfire. However, insufficient firefighting coverage is identified in the southwestern and northern parts of the forest farm, indicating the need for targeted upgrades and improvements to the road network in these areas.

A multi-dimensional evaluation index system and model was established for the fire-protection function of forest road networks provides a theoretical foundation for assessing forest fire response capacity and offers a systematic and scientific basis for the quality improvement and upgrading of forest road networks.

To evaluate and study the vulnerability of furniture supply chain, in order to provide reference for furniture supply chain risk management decisions from the perspective of supply chain vulnerability.

Based on the new characteristics of furniture supply chain development in the context of the new era, the vulnerability of each link in the furniture supply chain was decomposed, and the Delphi method is used to screen the factors of furniture supply chain vulnerability. SPSS software wass used for reliability and validity analysis, and a furniture supply chain vulnerability evaluation index system including digital supply chain maturity is constructed. Utilizing the advantages of BP neural network in risk assessment, combined with permutation feature importance algorithm, Python was used for simulation training to construct a furniture supply chain vulnerability evaluation model based on BP neural network.

1) a furniture supply chain vulnerability evaluation index system consisting of 3 primary indicators, 9 secondary indicators, and 24 tertiary indicators was constructed; 2) The permutation feature importance algorithm was used to calculate the weights of the evaluation indicators for furniture supply chain vulnerability. Based on the weights, the evaluation indicators were ranked and it was found that the five indicators of market demand prediction, supply chain information collaboration, supply chain decision-making level, industrial structure adjustment, and product competitiveness have significant positive significance for predicting the vulnerability of furniture enterprise supply chains; 3) Through iteration and training, it was found that the furniture supply chain vulnerability evaluation model based on BP neural network has a classification prediction accuracy of 100% for 61 sets of training data, with a maximum relative error of 0.002 256%; The classification prediction accuracy for 20 sets of test sample data is 95%, with a maximum relative error of 0.5%.

The furniture supply chain vulnerability evaluation model based on BP neural network has good nonlinear mapping and learning ability, strong classification and prediction function, and can comprehensively and effectively evaluate the vulnerability of furniture supply chain.

Under the vision of national carbon peak and carbon neutralization, by taking seriously consumed fruit and vegetable products in China as the research object and carbon tax policy as a consideration, the cold chain coordination and optimization problem of fruit and vegetable products was studied. Aiming at the issues of unreasonable supply chain pricing and high carbon emissions, and considering the loss of fruit and vegetable products, a method was proposed to coordinate the cold chain of fruit and vegetable products.

The centralized decision-making model and decentralized decision-making Stackelberg game model of two-stage cold chain emission reduction were established, which consisted of suppliers and retailers. Suppliers, as the leading enterprise of the cold chain system, and retailers as followers, obtained the dynamic equilibrium strategy under centralized decision-making and decentralized decision-making. In view of the dual marginal effects under decentralized decision-making, the cost-sharing contract model was used for coordination, and the sensitivity analysis of the basic quantity loss rate and the carbon tax rate was carried out.

It was found that the cold chain system has low profits and high carbon emissions under decentralized decision-making. Under contract coordination, the carbon emissions of the cold chain system of fruit and vegetable products have been improved, the prices of fruit and vegetable products have decreased, the market demand has increased, and the profits of suppliers, retailers and the cold chain system have increased compared with that before coordination. After contract coordination, the carbon emission reduction level of the cold chain of fruit and vegetable products is positively correlated with the government carbon tax rate, and negatively correlated with the basic quantity loss. The total profits of the cold chain system and the profits of suppliers and retailers are negatively correlated with the carbon tax rate and the basic quantity loss rate. The optimal selling price of the product first increases and then decreases with the increase of carbon tax rate, and it decreases with the increase of basic quantity loss rate. The optimal order quantity of products first increases and then decreases with the increase of carbon tax rate, and it decreases with the increase of basic quantity loss rate.

It is not that the higher the carbon tax rate, the better. An appropriate carbon tax rate is conducive to promoting cold chain enterprises to invest in carbon emission reduction and reduce carbon emissions, which is beneficial to the realization of the “double carbon” goal. However, the carbon emission reduction investment does not always increase with the increase of the carbon tax rate, so the government should take comprehensive consideration to formulate appropriate carbon tax rates to ensure both low carbon emissions of products and the willingness of enterprises to participate. Enterprises should improve their logistics service capabilities to reduce the loss of fruits and vegetables in the production and transportation process and reduce resource waste.

Furniture, as the end product of the wood supply chain, has accumulated the most important carbon flow. In order to reduce the great burden on the environment caused by the high pollution link of the furniture manufacturing industry, the key influencing factors of carbon emission reduction in the furniture supply chain were analyzed, and the structural level model of influencing factors of carbon emission reduction in the furniture supply chain was constructed, so as to provide decision support for promoting carbon emission reduction in the furniture industry.

The key influencing factors of carbon emission reduction in furniture supply chain were screened by literature research method, and the influencing factors were analyzed by combining decision and laboratory method and interpretive structure model to analyze the correlation among the influencing factors and determine the level of influencing factors.

1) Low carbon energy supply, low carbon material supply, low carbon equipment supply and low carbon production technology level were located in the first layer of the structural hierarchy model of carbon emission reduction influencing factors of furniture supply chain, which were direct influencing factors and had a direct impact on carbon emission reduction of furniture supply chain. 2) Government technology subsidies and low-carbon transportation were located at the second layer of the structural hierarchy model of influencing factors of carbon emission reduction in the furniture supply chain, while low-carbon product design, low-carbon product promotion, recycling strategy and low-carbon packaging were located at the third layer of the structural hierarchy, all of which were intermediate influencing factors and indirectly affected the carbon emission reduction of the furniture supply chain through influencing direct factors. 3) Low-carbon product publicity, low-carbon product preference, consumption subsidies and recycling channel construction were located in the fourth layer of the structural hierarchy model of the carbon emission reduction influencing factors of the furniture supply chain, which were deep influencing factors and had a fundamental impact on the carbon emission reduction of the furniture supply chain.

The furniture supply chain involves many industries, and carbon emission reduction is influenced by more than a single factor. It is necessary to comprehensively consider the carbon emission reduction measures of the supply chain from the perspective of the whole supply chain. It is suggested to start with the deep factors affecting the carbon emission reduction of the furniture supply chain, construct the operation mode of the remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain, optimize the recycling channels of waste furniture, and promote the collaborative emission reduction among the furniture supply chain, build the supply chain carbon reduction coordination contract, introduce new carbon reduction technologies such as block chain, and promote the green and efficient development of the furniture supply chain.

In view of the current situation that the links of the cold chain logistics of forest and fruit products were not closely linked and the participants lacked effective connection and interaction, the realization path of the ideal symbiosis mode of the participants in the cold chain logistics of forest and fruit was constructed to promote the resource sharing and complementary advantages of the participants in the cold chain logistics of forest and fruit, further enhance the market competitiveness of the participants, and realize the symbiosis and mutual benefit of the three, so as to promote the high-quality development of forestry in China.

The Lotka-Volterra dynamic evolution models of the two and three subjects of the cold chain logistics system of forest and fruit products were constructed respectively and the equilibrium points and stability conditions of the two and three subjects under different symbiotic modes were explored. The symbiotic evolution trend of the two and three subjects was analyzed by numerical simulation, and the influence of the addition of cold chain logistics providers on the internal symbiotic relationship of the cold chain logistics system of forest and fruit products was discussed.

It was found that the symbiotic evolution results and equilibrium stability conditions of the cold chain logistics of forest and fruit products were determined by the symbiotic interaction coefficient. The symbiotic mode of the two subjects was difficult to achieve the overall mutual symbiosis due to the constraints of transportation technology and other constraints. The maximum environmental capacity of the two subjects was less than the maximum environmental capacity of the symbiotic evolution of the three subjects introduced by the cold chain logistics provider. The final stable scale of the participants in the cold chain logistics of forest and fruit products reached the maximum model was the three-subject reciprocal symbiosis model. The introduction of cold chain logistics providers significantly increased the scale of forest and fruit product business entities and demanders. The model was the best state of the symbiotic evolution of the cold chain logistics system of forest and fruit products, and it was a true sense of reciprocal symbiosis.

In order to promote the formation of the three-subject reciprocal symbiosis model of cold chain logistics of forest and fruit products, the participants of forest and fruit cold chain logistics should pay attention to innovation and service level while improving their competitiveness. Local governments should take comprehensive control measures to balance the development of various participants and coordinate the relationship; the central government should actively improve the standardization of the market and provide a good external environment to promote the formation of its mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.