Continuous glucose monitoring is transforming analysis by using sweat, a less invasive and more accessible fluid, to provide more accurate readings during exercise. However, obtaining accurate results remains challenging due to its acidity, which can disrupt the alkaline conditions required for non-enzymatic sensing. Herein, we developed a high-surface-area carbon nanofiber (CNFs) composite functionalized with polypyrrole (PPy) and combined with a graphene oxide (GO) composite for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing in sweat. The composite was fabricated via a sequential drop-casting process using a metal-azolate framework (MAF) for its high electrochemical stability, thereby enabling OH-compensation and ensuring a continuous supply of hydroxyl (OH) groups from GO, compensating for any loss of OH caused by sweat acidity. The CNFs/PPy/GO/MAF composite works efficiently across pH levels 13, 12.5, and 12, with detection limits of 0.033, 0.043, and 0.0145 µM (S/N = 3), respectively. The composite shows high sensitivities of 663, 259.6, and 160.85 μA/(mM·cm²) within the linear ranges of 0.003 to 1.6, 0.003 to 1.4, and 0.003 to 0.7 mM at pH = 13, 12.5, and 12, respectively. Additionally, the composite exhibits high selectivity, stability under decreasing pH, and good repeatability and reproducibility. It yielded sweat analysis results from real samples that closely matched blood glucose levels measured by a glucometer at all tested pH values of 13, 12.5, and 12. This confirms that the composite offers accurate, reliable, real-time, non-invasive glucose detection under typical alkaline conditions.

Temperature regulating fibers (TRF_s) with high enthalpy and high form stability are the key factors for thermal management. However, the enthalpies of most TRF_s are not high, and the preparation methods are still at the laboratory scale. It remains a great challenge to use industrial spinning equipment to achieve continuous processing of TRF_s with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. Here, polyamide 6 (PA6) based TRF_s with a sheath-core structure were prepared by bicomponent melt-spinning. The sheath-core TRF (TRF_sc) are composed of PA6 as sheath and functional PA6 as core, which are filled with the shape stable phase change materials (ssPCM), dendritic silica@polyethylene glycol (SiO₂@PEG). With the aid of the sheath structure, the filling content of SiO₂@PEG can reach 30%, so that the enthalpy of the TRF_s can be as high as 21.3 ​J/g. The ultra-high enthalpy guarantees the temperature regulation ability during the alternating process of cooling and heating. In hot environment, the temperature regulation time is 6.59 ​min, and the temperature difference is 12.93 ​℃. In addition, the mechanical strength of the prepared TRF_sc reaches 2.26 cN/dtex, which can fully meet its application in the field of thermal management textiles and devices to manage the temperature regulation of the human body or precision equipment, etc.