Continuous glucose monitoring is transforming analysis by using sweat, a less invasive and more accessible fluid, to provide more accurate readings during exercise. However, obtaining accurate results remains challenging due to its acidity, which can disrupt the alkaline conditions required for non-enzymatic sensing. Herein, we developed a high-surface-area carbon nanofiber (CNFs) composite functionalized with polypyrrole (PPy) and combined with a graphene oxide (GO) composite for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing in sweat. The composite was fabricated via a sequential drop-casting process using a metal-azolate framework (MAF) for its high electrochemical stability, thereby enabling OH-compensation and ensuring a continuous supply of hydroxyl (OH) groups from GO, compensating for any loss of OH caused by sweat acidity. The CNFs/PPy/GO/MAF composite works efficiently across pH levels 13, 12.5, and 12, with detection limits of 0.033, 0.043, and 0.0145 µM (S/N = 3), respectively. The composite shows high sensitivities of 663, 259.6, and 160.85 μA/(mM·cm²) within the linear ranges of 0.003 to 1.6, 0.003 to 1.4, and 0.003 to 0.7 mM at pH = 13, 12.5, and 12, respectively. Additionally, the composite exhibits high selectivity, stability under decreasing pH, and good repeatability and reproducibility. It yielded sweat analysis results from real samples that closely matched blood glucose levels measured by a glucometer at all tested pH values of 13, 12.5, and 12. This confirms that the composite offers accurate, reliable, real-time, non-invasive glucose detection under typical alkaline conditions.

In view of it's strong antibacterial function and minor toxicity, cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) is frequently used in various broad-spectrum antibacterial reagents. Nonetheless the undesirable effects of superbugs still remain challenging. In this research, a chemical deposition approach is used to prepare a Cu₂O@ZrP composite with nanosheet configuration demonstrating excellent dispersibility and antibacterial traits. From systematic analysis, it was inffered that the content of copper in the nanosheet was about 57–188 mg/g while the average thickness of the nanosheets Cu₂O formed on ZrP is approximately 0.8 nm. The results of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) revealed that an extremely low loading of Cu₂O in Cu₂O@ZrP nanosheet can lead to exceptional antibacterial activity. Examined on two various superbugs; i.e. methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), the composite nanosheet reagent performed over 99% microbial reduction. More intesetingly, the cell growth rate of the Cu₂O@ZrP nanosheet was determined to be 20% lower than that of the neat Cu₂O, manifesting a weaker cytotoxicity. This unique hybrid nanosheet with intriguing anti-superbug performance promises highly efficient protection for the fabrics, battledress, and medical textiles.