Flowers have a high medicinal value and contain secondary metabolites including flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids, terpenoids and alkaloids as well as polysaccharides as important active compounds with many functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipic, anti-tumor, and immunoenhancing properties. In this article, the progress in the chemical composition and biological activity of polysaccharides in flowers in the past five years is summarized, and future research directions and application prospects are discussed. Through this review, we hope to provide an impetus for further research on flower-derived polysaccharides and provide reference for the development and utilization of related health products.

Iridoids derived from plants have demonstrated promising effects in regulating glycemic levels, which have captured the attention of researchers. Thus, an overview of iridoids with hypoglycemic activity, with a particular focus on their potential mechanisms of action in various cellular and animal models was summarized. It has been observed that iridoids primarily exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects through signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, AMPK, PI3K/AKT, NLRP3, ROS, NOX4, and AGEs/RAGE, thereby mitigating the symptoms of diabetes and its complications. By comprehensively summarizing and analyzing the molecular pathways through which iridoids alleviate diabetes and its complications, this review aims to establish a scientific foundation for the utilization of iridoids.

Rosmarinus officinalis contains diterpene phenols and diterpene quinones, such as carnosic acid and carnosol, exhibiting a wide range of biological activities. This paper reviews the latest papers about the diterpenoid compounds isolated from R. officinalis, and summaries the activities and mechanisms of them. It is found that 40 out of 62 diterpenoids in R. officinalis have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective effects. For them, the anti-oxidant involves the signaling pathway of Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1, while the anti-inflammatory involves NF-κB, MAPK and Nrf2, the anti-tumor mechanisms involves Bcl-2, Akt/IKK/NF-κB and ATG, the neuroprotection involves PINK1/parkin and SIRT1/p66shc pathways. This will benefit to the full utilization of R. officinalis in the human health protection.