Metal sulfide anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted widespread attention for the merits of abundant resources, low cost and high capacity. Unfortunately, its practical application still subjects to the low electron conductivity, severe micro-volume deformation, and grievous polysulfide shuttle during cycling process, leading to rapid capacity attenuation and poor cyclic behavior. To address these issues, the designed Cu_yS/C microsphere anode is armored with polypyrrole (PPy) layer, which intrinsically holds high sodiophilicity and strong chemisorption capability for polysulfides. As the protective shell layer of Cu_yS/C anode, both the volume change and polysulfide shuttle effect are greatly suppressed, achieving excellent sodium storage performance. Briefly, Cu_xS/C@PPy anode delivers high reversible capacity of 300 mAh g^-1 after 3000 cycles at 5 A g^-1, and 257 mAh g^-1 after 30000 cycles at 20 A g^-1. When matched with the commercial AC cathode, the optimized dual-ion battery also exhibits stable sodium storage capacity of 274 mAh g⁻¹ after 4000 cycles at 5 A g^-1. This work demonstrates the positive effect of conductive polymer armor strategy on the performance improvement of metal sulfide anode, and provides new strategy for the design of organic-inorganic hybrid electrodes.

Seawater electrolyte-based metal-air batteries exhibit great promise for marine energy supply systems. However, conventional statistical analysis methods, though applicable to seawater metal-air battery lifetime prediction, have inherent limitations of insufficient prediction accuracy and large error. Herein, a deep time-series regression framework based on InceptionTime and incorporating prior-biased attention pooling is proposed to construct a nonlinear mapping between electrochemical performance sequences and the discharge termination time of catalysts. Specifically, chronoamperometric profiles are employed to extract long-term stability features, while prior knowledge derived from linear sweep voltammetry is introduced to strengthen the attention weighting over critical potential regions. Under a nested leave-one-catalyst-out cross-validation framework with the one-standard-error rule for epoch selection, the model demonstrates high consistency across various aggregation strategies on a small-sample test set containing different air cathode catalysts, yielding a coefficient of determination over 0.90. These findings suggest that integrating multiscale temporal features with electrochemical prior knowledge through an attention-driven regression framework can improve the prediction accuracy and reduce the prediction error of discharge termination time in the current dataset, thereby providing a preliminary data-driven approach for catalyst evaluation in seawater metal-air batteries.

The development of highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) has garnered significant scientific intrigue. Herein, we report a facile two-step hydrothermal and annealing method for synthesizing cerium-doped ruthenium dioxide nanoparticles (Ce-RuO₂) as efficient OER electrocatalyst in PEM electrolyzer, which exhibits superior OER catalytic performance and durability. More impressively, in-situ characterizations of Ce-RuO₂ as the anode catalyst in membrane electrode assembly is employed, and the results demonstrate that it exhibits reduced kinetic losses, higher catalytic activity, and enhanced stability compared to commercial RuO₂ in PEMWE. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm that Ce doping maintains its valence state and redistributing the density states of Ru species, thereby enhancing its activity and stability during the OER processes.

Development of robust electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a seawater electrolyte is the key to realize seawater electrolyte-based zinc-air batteries (SZABs). Herein, constructing a local electric field coupled with chloride ions (Cl^—) fixation strategy in dual single-atom catalysts (DSACs) was proposed, and the resultant catalyst delivered considerable ORR performance in a seawater electrolyte, with a high half-wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.868 V and a good maximum power density (Pmax) of 182 mW·cm⁻² in the assembled SZABs, much higher than those of the Pt/C catalyst (E_1/2: 0.846 V; Pmax: 150 mW·cm⁻²). The in-situ characterization and theoretical calculations revealed that the Fe sites have a higher Cl⁻ adsorption affinity than the Co sites, and preferentially adsorbs Cl⁻ in a seawater electrolyte during the ORR process, and thus constructs a low-concentration Cl⁻ local microenvironment through the common-ion exclusion effect, which prevents Cl⁻ adsorption and corrosion in the Co active centers, achieving impressive catalytic stability. In addition, the directional charge movement between Fe and Co atomic pairs establishes a local electric field, optimizing the adsorption energy of Co sites for oxygen-containing intermediates, and further improving the ORR activity.

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the heart of many new energy conversions and storage devices, such as metal-air batteries and fuel cells. However, ORR is currently facing the dilemma of sluggish intrinsic kinetics and the noble electrocatalysts of high price and low reserves. In this work, isolated Co atoms anchored on defective nitrogen-doped carbon graphene single-atom catalyst (Co-SAC/NC) are synthesized via the proposed movable type printing method. The prepared Co-SAC/NC catalyst demonstrates admirable ORR performance, with a high half-wave potential of 0.884 V in alkaline electrolytes and outstanding durability. In addition, an assembled zinc–air battery with prepared Co-SAC/NC as air-cathode catalyst displays a high-peak power density of 179 mW cm⁻² and a high-specific capacity (757 mAh g⁻¹). Density functional theory calculations confirm that the true active sites of the prepared catalyst are Co-N₄ moieties, and further reveal a significantly electronic structure evolution of Co sites in the ORR process, in which the project density of states and local magnetic moment of Co atom varies during its whole reaction process. This work not only paves a new avenue for synthesizing SACs as robust electrocatalysts, but also provides an electronic-level insight into the evolution of the electronic structure of single-atom catalysts.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represents an anodic reaction for a variety of sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, such as hydrogen production, CO₂ reduction, etc. To realize the large-scale implementation of these technologies, the sluggish kinetics of the OER resulting from multi-step proton/electron transfer and occurring at the gas–liquid–solid triple-phase boundary needs to be accelerated. Manganese oxide-based (MnO_x) materials, especially MnO₂, have become promising non-precious metal electrocatalysts for the OER under acidic conditions due to the good trade-off between catalytic activity and stability. This paper reviews the recent progress of MnO₂-based materials to catalyze the OER through either the traditional adsorbent formation mechanism (AEM) or the emerging lattice-oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM). Pure manganese dioxide OER catalysts with different crystalline structures and morphologies are summarized, while MnO₂-based composite structures are also discussed, and the application of MnO₂-based catalysts in PEMWEs is summarized. Critical challenges and future research directions are presented to hopefully help future research.

Recycling precious metals with high-efficiency is undoubtedly beneficial to optimize resource utilization for environmental remediation and sustainable development. Herein, we report an efficient route to recycle the palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) electrocatalysts using a phase transfer method. This strategy involves acidic dissolution of deactivated precious metal (Pd/Pt) electrocatalysts from their loading substrates, mixing with an ethanolic solution of dodecylamine (DDA), subsequent extraction of metal ions into a non-polar organic phase, and final reduction by sodium borohydride to reproduce high-performance electrocatalysts towards typical electrochemical reactions, e.g., oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). In specific, the transfer efficiencies are up to 98% and the final recovery rate is over 85% for Pd and Pt electrocatalysts in each cycle. This approach symbolizes a facile and efficient way to recover precious metals, which might be applied to recycling a wide range of metals in various realms after appropriate modifications.