Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) as an electrochemical energy conversion device has attracted increasing attention due to its large current density, high Faradaic efficiency and energy efficiency. Oxygen evolution reaction at the anode, a four-electron transfer process, is an important half-reaction for SOEC, which contributes to the main polarization resistance and consumes most electric energy during the electrolysis process. Hence, designing anode materials with high activity and stability is crucial for the performance improvement and practical application of SOEC. Recently, some advances have been made in the development of high-performance anode. In the current review, the mechanisms for CO₂ and/or H₂O electrolysis are highlighted. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of different types of anodes are summarized. Various efficient strategies for anode optimization are introduced. Furthermore, the outlook for the future research of SOEC is included. This review might be helpful for the development of anode materials and the practical application of SOEC.