Lily-Ziziphi Spinosae Semen decoction (LZ) is known for its blood nourishing, mind calming, body sedation, and sleep promoting effects in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its material basis and underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly defined. This study applies liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, network pharmacology, and animal studies to reveal the material basis and sleep-improving mechanisms of LZ. The mixed decoction (LZ-ME) and single decoction (LZ-SE) were prepared to study their chemical components. Network pharmacology was used to predict the sleep-improving targets and signaling pathways of LZ. ICR mice were intragastrically administered saline (NC), melatonin (positive control group, 0.50 mg/kg), low (12.90 g/kg), medium (25.70 g/kg), and high (38.60 g/kg) dose of LZ-ME and LZ-SH for 30 days. The results showed that LZ-ME could prolong the sleep duration and shorten the sleep latency in sodium barbiturate induced mice model. The results of chemical composition showed that total polysaccharides, total flavonoids, total saponins, and total alkaloids in LZ-ME were significantly higher than those in LZ-SE (177.20%, 82.34%, 30.58%, and 11.66%, respectively). A total of 58 chemical components were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS), and 8 representative difference components of LZ-ME and LZ-SE were found. LZ-ME significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in mice serum and neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in mice hippocampus, decreased dopamine (DA) and glutamate (Glu) levels in mice hippocampus (P < 0.05). Furthermore, LZ-ME up-regulated the abundance of the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Eubacterium_R, down-regulated the abundance of the harmful bacteria Lachnospiraceae etc. The polysaccharides, flavonoids (spinosin and 6‴-feruloylspinosin) and saponins (jujuboside A and jujuboside B) were the main material bases for the sleep-promoting effects of LZ. These compounds may directly enhance levels of the GABA, reduced levels of Glu and DA and improve TNF-α levels. And they also may indirectly regulate GABA levels by influencing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Eubacterium.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of extrusion cooking at different temperatures on the physicochemical properties of Poria cocos, in order to provide a scientific basis for the extrusion cooking of P. cocos and its related products. The physicochemical properties and chemical composition of raw and extruded P. cocos at 60 (PJ60), 80 (PJ80), 100 (PJ100), 120 (PJ120), and 140 ℃ (PJ140) were analyzed. The results indicated that extrusion cooking temperature significantly influenced the particle size, water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), and dispersibility of P. cocos powder. The WSI, WAI and dispersibility of P. cocos powder extruded at low temperatures (60–80 ℃) were superior to those at high temperatures (> 100 ℃). However, extrusion cooking caused the color of P. cocos powder to become darker. Compared with untreated P. cocos, low-temperature extrusion cooking (60–80 ℃) significantly increased the content of water-soluble polysaccharides, with PJ60 having the highest value. Total triterpenoid content was significantly higher in all extrusion-cooked samples than in P0, with the highest value being observed in PJ60, and so it was with ethanol-soluble extract content. A total of 38 triterpenoids were detected across the ethanol extracts from all P. cocos samples. The relative total content of triterpenoids common to all samples was the highest in PJ80, and the relative contents of the major terpenoids such as dehydroporinic acid and dehydrotuberic acid were higher in PJ60 and PJ80. Additionally, extrusion cooking produced new triterpenoid compounds, including dehydroeburicoic acid monoacetate, poricoic acid AE, and 25-methoxyporicoic acid A. Extrusion cooking increased the contents of the major volatile components in P. cocos. Furthermore, the contents of off-flavor components were reduced, while the contents of aroma components such as nonanal and phenylacetaldehyde were increased. In summary, low-temperature extrusion cooking (60–80 ℃) effectively improved the contents of water-soluble total polysaccharides, total triterpenoids and ethanol-soluble extract of P. cocos, which may be attributed to the fact that extrusion cooking enhanced WSI, WAI, and dispersibility of P. cocos. In contrast, high-temperature extrusion cooking (> 100 ℃) led to a decrease in the contents of water-soluble total polysaccharides, total triterpenoids and ethanol-soluble extract, indicating that high-temperature processing caused losses of these components. On the other hand, low extrusion cooking temperatures (60–80 ℃) enhanced the dissolution rate of active components from P. cocos with reduced processing losses, thereby preserving its efficacy as a functional food ingredient in extruded foods.

Poria cocos is an important functional material used for both food and medicinal purposes and has many clinical effects such as inducing diuresis, excreting dampness, strengthening the spleen and tranquilizing the heart. Apart from polysaccharides, triterpenoids are also important functional components in P. cocos, and pachymic acid is a typical representative of the triterpenoids in P. cocos. Pachymic acid belongs to the family of lanosta-8-enetype triterpenes, and its purified product is a white powder, which has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, sedative and hypnotic effects. At present, as the food and medicinal values of P. cocos have attracted increasing interest, its pachymic acid has been widely and deeply studied. Based on a review of the literature on pachymic acid over the past two decades, this article comprehensively and systematically summarizes recent progress in the extraction and detection of pachymic acid and its pharmacological activity and biosynthesis as well as the application of P. cocos for health promotion, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the basic and applied studies of pachymic acid in the fields of food and medicine in the future.

Poria cocos (PC) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a widely used healthcare ingredient, which has antiobesity, enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects. Traditionally, only water-soluble poria polysaccharide (WSP) is extracted and applied for clinical application, while insoluble polysaccharide (alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide, ASP) is discarded as herb residue. However, the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food. Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC, ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC. Compared to WSP, little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide (CMP) which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug. In this study, the oil, cholesterol, metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability, in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP, ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P. cocos polysaccharides (PCPs). The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol, polyphenols and metal ions (Cd²⁺/Zn²⁺/Mg²⁺), among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP. The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions (Cd²⁺/Zn²⁺) was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions (Mg²⁺); The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low, but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP; Moreover, the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota, among which ASP had the greatest influence. In general, ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria. The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced, but the richness of probiotics, especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group, and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid, propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group, and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics. Taken together, the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function. Additionally, the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic, CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.