Ultra-thin glass (UTG) possesses a broad spectrum of applications in high-end electronic devices, such as foldable smartphones and flexible displays. Laser beam shaping for arc cutting UTG screens helps reduce stress concentration, thereby effectively enhancing their safety and longevity. However, the existing three-dimensional (3D) holography algorithms in beam shaping often suffer from high computational complexity and limited flexibility. To address these issues, we propose an iterative holographic algorithm combined with 3D chirp-z transform (3D-CZT) that generates 3D designable multi-foci with 90% light field uniformity. It also effectively corrects spherical aberration caused by refractive index mismatches, while maintaining precise beam shaping throughout the material. Moreover, by focusing on a specific region, the 3D-CZT method reduces the single iteration time to 0.5 seconds, achieving a speed one order of magnitude faster than conventional algorithms. On this basis, customizable glass-edge cutting by shaping the 3D-focused beam within the material is achieved. The glass edge demonstrates high geometric fidelity and remains smooth, mitigating the risk of micro-cracks. This work proposes a sophisticated and efficient methodology for the laser cutting of transparent materials.

Femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) has been widely employed in controllable manufacturing of biomimetic micro/nanostructures due to its specific advantages including high precision, simplicity, and compatibility for diverse materials in comparison with other methods (e.g. ion etching, sol-gel process, chemical vapor deposition, template method, and self-assembly). These biomimetic micro/nanostructured surfaces are of significant interest for academic and industrial research due to their wide range of potential applications, including self-cleaning surfaces, oil-water separation, and fog collection. This review presents the inherent relationship between natural organisms, fabrication methods, micro/nanostructures and their potential applications. Thereafter, we throw a list of current fabrication strategies so as to highlight the advantages of FLDW in manufacturing bioinspired microstructured surfaces. Subsequently, we summarize a variety of typical bioinspired designs (e.g. lotus leaf, pitcher plant, rice leaf, butterfly wings, etc) for diverse multifunctional micro/nanostructures through extreme femtosecond laser processing technology. Based on the principle of interfacial chemistry and geometrical optics, we discuss the potential applications of these functional micro/nanostructures and assess the underlying challenges and opportunities in the extreme fabrication of bioinspired micro/nanostructures by FLDW. This review concludes with a follow up and an outlook of femtosecond laser processing in biomimetic domains.