Suancai has a lengthy history and a wide range of categories, which has some influence on the pickled diet culture around the world. Suancai production is transitioning to a large-scale, standardized production due to the growth of the market. It has a unique flavor and is rich in nutrients, and its abundance of free amino acids, vitamins and phenolics has many positive effects on the human body. This review gives the types and history of suancai, as well as its impact on the world’s pickled culture. The changes in nutritional composition and flavor of suancai during fermentation are summarized. It presented the production technology and influencing factors of the northeast suancai, examined the quality and safety issues in suancai, and put forth some ideas and opinions on the standardization development of the suancai industry. It also summarized the geographic distribution and flora diversity of pickles around the world. In order to provide some knowledge and guidance for the promotion of modern industrial production in the suancai industry.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), an important bioactive ingredient in breast milk, have become a popular nutritional fortifier in infant formula. While only a limited variety of synthetic functional oligosaccharides is available now, naturally occurring oligosaccharides from animal milk are a promising substitute for HMOs. Goat milk oligosaccharides (GMOs) are rich in neutral oligosaccharides, which are more similar in structure to HMOs. However, most studies on the separation of milk oligosaccharides concentrate on bovine milk oligosaccharides, while little research has been done on milk oligosaccharides from animal species other than cows, and the structure and composition of animal milk oligosaccharides are different from those of HMOs. In addition, there are few systematic studies on the structures and functions of oligosaccharides, which limits the development and utilization of oligosaccharides in animal milk. This review summarizes the latest progress in research on oligosaccharides in animal milk with a focus on the structures, detection methods and physiological functions of GMOs, and it compares and analyzes the structural differences between animal milk oligosaccharides and HMOs. It is anticipated that this review can provide theoretical support for the development and application of animal milk oligosaccharides in the future.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have become a hot topic in the field of maternal and infant nutrition and health research, and are also widely used as innovative functional ingredients in infant formulas, but their complex structure makes its isolation and analysis difficult. This paper presents a simple method for the extraction and analysis of HMOs. The effect of the presence of lactose on the determination of HMO content was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Human milk is dynamically enriched with oligosaccharides using graphite carbon pipes to reduce the interference of lactose with the assay. It was found that the mass concentrations of HMOs obtained after removing more than 90% of lactose were more accurate. 2’-Fucosyllactose (2’-FL) and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) were linear in the range of 1.50–100.00 μg/mL (R² > 0.997), and the remaining eight HMOs were linear in the range of 0.75–50.00 μg/mL (R² > 0.995). Precision (relative standard deviation (RSD)) values for each HMO detection result ranged from 1.47% to 5.26%. Accuracy is from 98.74% to 102.26%. This analytical technique is a sensitive, precise, and accurate quantitative method for the quantification of ten HMOs in human milk. This method can provide accurate and reliable quantification of the oligosaccharide content of human milk, providing a reference for determining the specific functions performed by HMOs and at what concentrations they function, as well as for studying the effects of different HMO components and concentrations in human milk on infants.