While a variety of wound dressing materials are available, the effective combination of multiple active components into a single composite dressing to optimize wound healing outcomes presents a substantial challenge. Herein, we introduce a novel trilayer nanofiber membrane (SNM) for accelerated infected wound healing. The SNM, fabricated via electrospinning, comprises a hydrophilic inner layer enriched with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for antioxidant activity, an antimicrobial middle layer incorporating silver zeolitic imidazolate framework (Ag-ZIF), and a hydrophobic outer layer of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) for structural integrity. The SNM exhibits superior mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 8.83 ± 0.99 MPa and an elongation at break of 262.57% ± 30.06%, alongside a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 521 g/(m²·24h). The SNM composites demonstrate potent bactericidal effects, achieving a 93.50% ± 5.77% and 94.39% ± 4.29% reduction against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the SNM exhibits a high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging efficiency of 95% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Animal studies indicate significant wound healing enhancement, with the SNM-treated group achieving a 52.78% healing rate on day 3, compared to 11.15% for the control group. This work offers a promising strategy for the development of multifunctional wound dressings with integrated antibacterial nanomaterials and natural bioactive components within a single composite material.

Urea, a critical nitrogen-based feedstock predominantly employed in fertilizer production, can be synthesized via electrocatalytic C-N coupling, which provides an efficient route for efficient nitrogen and carbon fixation under mild conditions. Nonetheless, electrocatalytic urea synthesis is hindered by intricate intermediate pathways and competing side reactions, leading to low urea selectivity and yield. Therefore, improving the efficiency of electrocatalytic urea synthesis requires efficient catalysts. This review presents an overview of urea detection methodologies, elucidates the C-N coupling mechanisms, and explores catalyst design strategies. Accurate detection of urea detection is particularly vital in low-yield systems; thus, we analyze the advantages and limitations of several detection techniques. Additionally, we investigate the fundamental reaction mechanisms that allow reduction of CO₂ and various nitrogen species to be reduced simultaneously. A detailed examination of catalyst design strategies aimed at improving electrocatalytic urea production, including heterostructure, atomically dispersed structures, and vacancy engineering, is provided. Finally, we address the emerging challenges that must be tackled as the technology progresses.

The rapid quantification of hydroxyl radical (·OH) in real samples is a great challenge due to its highly reactive nature and the potential interferences from other coexisting reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, a chemiluminescence (CL) probe (ox-CDs) was rationally developed for the detection of ·OH through controlled oxidation treatment of original CDs (o-CDs) with H₂O₂. Post-oxidation of CDs can reduce the surface defects or functional groups on the CDs, exposing reactive sites capable of effectively reacting with ·OH. The chemical energy generated from redox reaction between ·OH and the ox-CDs can be efficiently utilized to generate strong and selective CL responses to ·OH without interferences from other ROS. Thus, a highly selective and sensitive CL method with a linear range from 0.01 to 150 µM and a detection limit of 3 nM was developed, which was successfully applied for monitoring the ·OH production from cigarette and mosquito coil smoke.

It is of great significance to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) with desirable hydrophilicity for the ever-growing application of CDs in different fields. In this study, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic CDs were facilely prepared by solvothermal treatment of o-dihydroxybenzene and urea in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Optimization experiments revealed that the solvothermal temperature has a great impact on the surface states of the CDs. The hydrophobic CDs with a contact angle of 110.7° was obtained at 200 °C. The structural and optical characterizations, along with theoretical calculations elucidated that the lipophilic nature of the CDs was resulting from the formation of polymer chains. The presence of extended conjugated sp²-domains and amino groups contributed to the red emission of the CDs synthesized at low reaction temperatures (160–200 °C). With the further increase of solvothermal temperature, the hydrophobic CDs were gradually transformed to the hydrophilic state accompanying the blue shift of the fluorescence of the CDs. The highly hydrophilic CDs with a contact angle of 25.9° were obtained at 240 °C due to the increased formation of hydrophilic functional groups on the surface of CDs. The red emissive CDs exhibited a sensitive color and fluorescence response to ethanol content while the fluorescence of the blue emissive CDs remained constant. By combining the two kinds of CDs, a dual-emission sensor was constructed, which was successfully applied for the evaluation of the alcoholic strength in commercial Baijiu commodities in both fluorometric and colorimetric modes.

Diatomic site catalysts (DACs) with two adjacent atomic metal species can provide synergistic interactions and more sophisticated functionalities to break the bottleneck of intrinsic drawbacks of single atom catalysts (SACs). Herein, we have designed a CuZn diatomic site (CuZn-DAS) electrocatalyst with unique coordination structure (CuN₄–ZnN₄) by anchoring and ordering the spatial distance between the metal precursors on the carbon nitride (C₃N₄) derived N-doped carbon (NC) substrate. The CuZn-DAS/NC shows high activity and selectivity for electroreduction CO₂ into CO. The Faradaic efficiency for CO of CuZn-DAS/NC (98.4%) is higher than that of Cu single atomic site on NC (Cu-SAS/NC) (36.4%) and Zn single atomic site on NC (Zn-SAS/NC) (66.8%) at −0.6 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). In situ characterizations reveal that the CuZn-DAS is more favorable for the formation and adsorption of *COOH than those of the electrocatalysts with single atomic site. Theorical calculations show that the charge redistribution of Zn site in CuZn-DAS/NC caused by the considerable electron transfers from Zn atoms to the adjacent Cu atoms can reduce the adsorption energy barriers for *COOH and *CO production, improving the activity and CO selectivity.