The human skin is one of the largest epithelial surfaces that can resist external damage and protect against the external environment. The intricate connection between the skin and the gut has been shown by recent research. The homeostasis of gut microbiota impacts skin conditions, while the dysbiosis of microbiota may destroy mucosal immune tolerance and exacerbate skin inflammation. Moreover, the term gut-brain-skin axis has gradually attracted much interest from researchers. Emotional states including stress, depression, and anxiety will change the gut microbiota, trigger the inflammatory response, and negatively impact skin health. Numerous skin issues have been found to be improved by probiotics, including oxidative stress reduction, immune response regulation, and enhanced skin barrier function. This paper attempts to show the significance of gut microbiota on skin disorders and the connection signaling of the gut-brain-skin axis. Additionally, by summarizing the mechanism of probiotic usage in improving skin health, we also provide a mathematical foundation for the use of probiotics in skin health.

Antimicrobial peptides, as small molecular peptides with extensive antibacterial activity, have shown great potential in food preservation and other fields because of their unique antibacterial mechanism. However, traditional screening methods are time-consuming and resource-consuming, and often yield antimicrobial peptides with poor stability and high cytotoxicity, limiting their wide application. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has brought new opportunities for research on antimicrobial peptides. Artificial intelligence algorithms can be continuously optimized based on prior knowledge and real-time data, which significantly improves the prediction efficiency of antibacterial peptides and reduces research and development costs. Additionally, these algorithms offer the possibility to explore the diversity of antimicrobial peptides and optimize their properties. Currently, several specialized databases have been established, providing rich resources for algorithmic model training. Furthermore, multi-source bioinformatics data such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics are also widely used to predict antimicrobial peptides, with a view to identifying peptides with potential antimicrobial activity more accurately. This article reviews the principles and applicability of various current artificial intelligence algorithmic models for predicting antimicrobial peptides, and explores prediction models specifically designed to address the dilemma facing the application of antimicrobial peptides. It aims to guide readers in selecting and designing artificial intelligence algorithms and to promote their innovative applications in the fields of food safety and human health.

The interaction between host circadian rhythm and gut microbes through the gut-brain axis provides new clues for tea polyphenols to improve host health. Our present research showed that oolong tea polyphenols (OTP) improved the structural disorder of the intestinal flora caused by continuous darkness, thereby modulating the production of metabolites related to pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and tryptophan metabolism to alleviate the steady-state imbalance. After fecal microbiota transplantation from the OTP group, the single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that OTP significantly increased the number of hypothalamus cell clusters, up-regulated the number of astrocytes and fibroblasts, and enhanced the expression of circadian rhythm genes Cry2, Per3, Bhlhe41, Nr1d1, Nr1d2, Dbp and Rorb in hypothalamic cells. Our results confirmed that OTP can actively improve the intestinal environmental state as well as internal/peripheral circadian rhythm disorders and cognitive impairment, with potential prebiotic functional characteristics to notably contribute to host health.

Tea is a widespread functional plant resource. Phytochemicals such as tea polyphenols (TP) can interact with the intestinal flora and participate in regulating the expression and rhythm of biological clock genes. Circadian rhythm controls a variety of behaviors and physiological processes, and circadian misalignment has been found to be closely related to multiple metabolic diseases. Interestingly, the gut microbiota also has diurnal fluctuations, which can be affected by diet composition and feeding rhythm, and play a role in maintaining the host's circadian rhythm. The two-way relationship between the host's circadian rhythm and intestinal microbiota confirms the possibility that prebiotics or probiotic can be used to adjust the intestinal environment and microbiome composition to improve the host health. This article reviews the relationship between the host's circadian rhythm and microbiota and its influence on metabolic diseases. The beneficial effects of the interaction between TP and gut microbiota on diseases related to rhythm disorders are emphasized to improve the theories of disease prevention and treatment.