Ti-based catalysts have been identified to be efficient in enhancing hydrogenation and dehydrogenation (de/hydrogenation) kinetics of Mg/MgH₂. However, their catalytic activity is constrained by the strong Ti‒H bond and chemical instability. Herein, we demonstrate that TMO_x@Ti-MgO (TM = Mn and Cu) composite catalysts can simultaneously enhance hydrogen dissociation, diffusion and nucleation processes. MgH₂ catalyzed by TMO_x@Ti-MgO released 6.03−6.14 wt. % H₂ within 5 min at 280 ℃ and 0.89−1.12 wt. % H₂ within 60 min at 180 ℃. The partially oxidized Ti²⁺ and Ti³⁺ states are stabilized in MgO lattice, accelerating hydrogen adsorption, dissociation and diffusion processes. The TMO_x, additionally, serve as the active center for nucleation, further improving de/hydrogenation reactions. The TMO_x@Ti-MgO catalysts are characterized by high chemical stability, realizing improved cycle properties. These findings suggest a new approach to achieving controllable Catalyst-Hydrogen bond strengths and optimizing performance in de/hydrogenation reactions.

While early transition metal-based materials, such as MXene, has emerged as an efficient catalyst for the Mg-based hydrogen storage materials, their strong interaction with hydrogen resulted in the high hydrogen diffusion barrier, hindering further improvement of catalytic activity. A MXene is characterized by rich anionic groups on its surface, significantly affecting electronic and catalytic functionalities. Using Nb₂CT_x as an example, we herein illustrate the critical role of anionic T_x defects on controlling hydrogen dissociation and diffusion processes in Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. The hydrogen desorption properties of MgH₂ can be significantly enhanced by utilizing T_x controllable Nb₂CT_x, and it can release 3.57 wt.% hydrogen within 10 min under 240 °C with the reduced dehydrogenation activation barrier. It also realized stable de/hydrogenation reactions for at least 50 cycles. DFT studies combined with kinetic analysis revealed that the catalyst–hydrogen interaction could be systematically controlled by optimizing surface T_x defect density, accelerating the hydrogen dissociation and diffusion processes at the same time. These results demonstrate that the T_x defects serve as the effective catalytically active centers of Nb₂CT_x, offering a flexible catalyst design guideline.

Light-matter interactions in low-dimensional quantum-confined structures can dominate the optical properties of the materials and lead to optoelectronic applications. In anisotropic layered silicon diphosphide (SiP₂) crystal, the embedded quasi-one-dimensional (1D) phosphorus–phosphorus (P–P) chains directly result in an unconventional quasi-1D excitonic state, and a special phonon mode vibrating along the P–P chains, establishing a unique 1D quantum-confined system. Alloying SiP₂ with the homologous element serves as an effective way to study the properties of these excitons and phonons associated with the quasi-1D P–P chains, as well as the strong interaction between these quasiparticles. However, the experimental observation and the related optical spectral understanding of SiP₂ with isoelectronic dopants remain elusive. Herein, with the photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy measurements, we demonstrate the redshift of the confined excitonic peak and the stiffening of the phonon vibration mode $B_{1\mathrm{g}}^3$ of a series of Si(P_1−xAs_x)₂ alloys with increasing arsenic (As) compositions. This anomalous stiffening of $B_{1\mathrm{g}}^3$ is attributed to the selective substitution of As atoms for P atoms within the P–P chains, which is confirmed via our scanning transmission electron microscopy investigation. Such optical spectra evolutions with selective substitution pave a new way to understand the 1D quantum confinement in semiconductors, offering opportunities to explore quasi-1D characteristics in SiP₂ and the resulting photonic device application.