The widespread presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater poses a significant threat to public health and ecological safety, as wastewater systems act as major conduits for ARB transmission. Piezocatalysis technology, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) from green reactants like H₂O and O₂ under mechanical stimulation, offers a promising alternative to traditional disinfection methods, such as chlorine and ultraviolet radiation. This study focuses on using perovskite materials as piezocatalysts due to excellent piezoelectric properties, high ROS generation efficiency, and positive surface potential. The positive charge on the surface of the piezocatalysts enhances electrostatic interactions with bacterial membranes, leading to membrane damage induced by ROS. This mechanism demonstrates remarkable bactericidal effects, including inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Notably, the perovskite piezocatalyst retains its disinfection effectiveness after 10 cycles, highlighting its sustainability and reusability. This work uniquely establishes the synergy between positive surface potential and strong piezoelectricity in perovskite materials as a strategy for achieving highly efficient, stable, and reagent-free inactivation of ARB in complex aqueous environments. These findings suggest that perovskite-based piezocatalysis holds great potential as an ideal solution for the bactericidal disinfection of ARB in complex wastewater system.

Etoposide, a DNA damage-inducing agent, is widely used for malignant tumors. However, insufficient solubility, poor bioavailability and adverse events limited the treatment outcomes and prognosis. To address this, we here developed a novel biosynthetic and unfolded protein nanocarrier to load and deliver Etoposide. Compared with the pristine agent, the loading efficiency of the nanoformulated drug increased four times and the half-life time increased to 17.6 h with controlled release of the Etoposide for 6 days. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration at 48 h was lower than that at 24 h, suggesting a long-acting anti-tumor property. Moreover, the anti-tumor performance in rat models was significantly enhanced by improving solubility and cellular internalization. Additionally, immunogenicity and adverse toxicologic effects such as kidney and liver toxicity were significantly weakened. Therefore, the assembly strategy enables etoposide with higher efficacy, bioavailability, and safety, and has great potential in the comprehensive treatment of malignant tumors.

Hollow structures have demonstrated great potential in drug delivery owing to their privileged structure, such as high surface- to-volume ratio, low density, large cavities, and hierarchical pores. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of hollow structured materials applied in targeting recognition, smart response, and drug release, and we have addressed the possible chemical factors and reactions in these three processes. The advantages of hollow nanostructures are summarized as follows: hollow cavity contributes to large loading capacity; a tailored structure helps controllable drug release; variable compounds adapt to flexible application; surface modification facilitates smart responsive release. Especially, because the multiple physical barriers and chemical interactions can be induced by multishells, hollow multishelled structure is considered as a promising material with unique loading and releasing properties. Finally, we conclude this review with some perspectives on the future research and development of the hollow structures as drug carriers.