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Editorial Issue
Editorial
Nano Research 2017, 10 (12): 3941
Published: 06 December 2017
Downloads:25

Review Article Issue
Challenges and perspectives on high and intermediate-temperature sodium batteries
Nano Research 2017, 10 (12): 4082-4114
Published: 15 June 2017
Downloads:27

Energy storage systems are selected depending on factors such as storage capacity, available power, discharge time, self-discharge, efficiency, or durability. Additional parameters to be considered are safety, cost, feasibility, and environmental aspects. Sodium-based batteries (Na-S, NaNiCl2) typically require operation temperatures of 300-350 ℃. The high operating temperatures substantially increase the operating costs and raise safety issues. This updated review describes the state-of-the-art materials for high-temperature sodium batteries and the trends towards the development and optimization of intermediate and low-temperature devices. Recent advances in inorganic solid electrolytes, glass-ceramic electrolytes, and polymer solid electrolytes are of immense importance in all-solid-state sodium batteries. Systems such as Na+ super ionic conductor (NASICON, Na1+xZr2P3-xSixO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3)), glass-ceramic 94Na3PS4·6Na4SiS4, and polyethylene oxide (PEO)-sodium triflate (NaCF3SO3) are also discussed. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are also included as novel electrolyte solvents. This update discusses the progress of on-going strategies to enhance the conductivity, optimize the electrolyte/electrode interface, and improve the cell design of emerging technologies. This work aims to cover the recent advances in electrode and electrolyte materials for sodium-sulfur and sodium-metal-halide (zeolite battery research Africa project (ZEBRA)) batteries for use at high and intermediate temperatures.

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