Biomimetic membranes-camouflaged nanomedicines show promising potential in cancer therapy. Herein, we developed biomimetic hybrid membranes-camouflaged biosynthesized melanin nanoparticles, termed MBM-PM, by co-extruding near-infrared (NIR) light-absorbing melanin nanoparticles naturally enveloped in bacterial outer membranes (MBM) with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-expressing mammalian cell membrane nanovesicles (PM), for efficient cancer photothermal-immunotherapy. The melanin core within the outer membrane vesicles (OMV) generates a photothermal effect, inducing thermal stress to directly kill cancer cells and triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD), which enhances antitumor immunity. Furthermore, the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in the bacterial membrane component of MBMs stimulate a robust antitumor immune response. The PM components not only confer cancer cell-targeting capability but also block the PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction, further enhancing immune activation. Our studies demonstrate that the MBM-PM nanoplatform can effectively eradicate primary tumors and significantly inhibit distant tumors and lung metastasis, offering a promising biosynthesized nanoplatform for cancer photothermal-immunotherapy.

DNA tetrahedron nanostructure (DTN) is one of the simplest DNA nanostructures and has been successfully applied for biosensing, imaging, and treatment of cancer. To facilitate its biomedical applications and potential clinical translation, fundamental understanding of DTN's transportation among major organs in living organisms becomes increasingly important. Here, we describe the efficient renal clearance of DTN in healthy mice by using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The kidney elimination of DTN was later applied for renal function evaluation in murine models of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). We further established a mathematical program of DTN to validate its changes of transportation pattern in healthy and UUO mice. We believe the establishment of pharmacokinetic profiles and mathematical model of DTN may provide insight for future optimization of DNA nanostructures for biomedical applications.