Against the backdrop of high-quality development in higher education, the construction of the “Four New” disciplines (New Engineering, New Medical Sciences, New Agricultural Sciences, and New Liberal Arts) alongside foundational course teaching reform has become a key lever for enhancing the quality of talent cultivation. Based on observations from the National University Teachers’ Teaching Innovation Competition, this paper systematically analyzes the closed-loop logic of teaching innovation centered on the “student-centered” philosophy. From the dimensions of goal orientation, content reconstruction, method innovation, environment creation, and evaluation reform, this study explores the teaching innovation pathways and competition preparation strategies for the “Four New” disciplines and foundational course tracks.