Neurological disorders not only diminish the quality of life but also pose significant financial burdens on every patient. Presently, neurological disorders present a challenge to societal medical resources. Strategies to relieve and control neurological disorders are urgently required. Increasing studies have reported a close link among the gut microbiota, neuroinflammation, and neurological disorders. Diet plays a crucial role in influencing gut microbiota, suggesting that dietary supplements could be effective in intervening neurological disorders. Therefore, this review summarizes the relationship between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders, and the impact of gut microbiota on the neuroinflammation of neurological disorders is also discussed. Meanwhile, edible mushrooms, known for their multiple health benefits, have gained increasing attention as a valuable food resource. This highlights the pathways through which edible mushrooms modulate gut microbiota to alleviate neurological disorders by reversing dysbiosis and targeting microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tryptophan metabolism pathways. These findings provide robust support for developing therapeutic strategies and potential interventions based on the interactions between edible mushrooms and gut microbiota.