Microorganisms play a pivotal role in modulating both the synthesis and perception of pheromones in insects, exerting profound influences on their behavior, physiology, and population dynamics. Through diverse mechanisms, including metabolic regulation, gene expression modulation, and intervention in signaling pathways, microorganisms intricately regulate the production and perception of pheromones in their insect hosts. This regulation not only enhances insect adaptability but may also instigate intraspecific competition and resource allocation conflicts. This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding microbial influences on insect pheromone biosynthesis and sensory perception, providing an in-depth analysis of the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the evolutionary implications of these regulatory mechanisms within insect-microbe symbiotic systems, aiming to elucidate the complex interplay between these organisms and to offer novel insights and research directions for future investigations in this field.