In this study, we formulate a within-host mathematical model of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that captures the dynamics of susceptible epithelial cells, infected cells, free virions, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), neutralizing antibodies, and cancerous cells. The model incorporates immune mechanisms, including CTL-mediated killing of infected cells and antibody-driven neutralization of virions, as well as therapeutic interventions. Building on this framework, we apply optimal control theory using three treatment strategies: (i) chemotherapy intensity, which enhances infected-cell death and reduces virion production, (ii) CTL stimulation (immunotherapy) intensity, which augments the CTL source term, and (iii) antibody therapy, which strengthens humoral immunity. We first identify the equilibria of the system and test their stability. The disease-free equilibrium is stable when the basic reproduction number is
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AIMS Mathematics 2026, 11(7): 21293-21322
Published: 15 July 2026
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