Driven by the Healthy China strategy and evolving nutritional needs, China faces a double nutritional burden characterized by risks of micronutrient inadequacy and the coexistence of obesity. The scientific foundations and full-cycle closed-loop framework of precision nutrition were elaborated. The role of core technologies, including multi-omics, novel biomarkers, artificial intelligence, and digital evidence and decision support, in facilitating the transition from population-wide dietary guidance to stratified subpopulation and individualized nutrition service were examined. The transformation and upgrading pathways and practical directions through which precision nutrition empowers the food nutrition and health industry from the perspectives of policy guidance, standard leadership, nutrition and health food industry upgrading were explored. The major challenges involving evidence quality, data standards, algorithm validation, privacy and ethics were summarized. Future directions were discussed in terms of technological development, accessible services, and industrial integration. As an interdisciplinary frontier in nutrition science, a development chain linking scientific foundations, enabling technologies, and industrial applications has been gradually formed for precision nutrition. Driven by policy guidance and technological advances, the food industry and related health industries are advancing toward nutrition-oriented, digital, and intelligent development. Drawing on dietary survey data, frontier studies, industry reports, and national policy documents, this article aimed to provide theoretical references and practical pathways for the high-quality development of China's food, nutrition and health industry.