Brain endurance training (BET) can enhance athletic performance and resistance to mental fatigue by integrating cognitive load into physical training and leveraging the synergistic adaptations of these dual demands on brain function and structure. This review traces the evolution of conceptions and training modalities of BET, summarizes evidence for its effects on aerobic endurance, cognitive performance, and sport-specific skills, outlines potential mechanisms related to the plasticity of the central nervous system, and recommends training strategies in the hope of facilitating program design and real-world implementation across populations and sport disciplines.