Regulating the molecular/electrolyte interface is crucial for improving aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), particularly for organic cathodes that often suffer from dissolution, sluggish interfacial charge transfer, and insufficient cycling stability. Herein, inspired by the C=N zinc-storage sites in phenazine-based cathodes, a fully conjugated pyrazine-linked organic cathode, diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2’,3’-c]phenazine-1,7,13-triol (DQPAT), was rationally designed to regulate molecular aggregation and cation-binding interfaces. The fully conjugated backbone integrated C=N sites and electrochemically activatable C–O groups within an extended π-conjugated framework, enabling multi-site Zn2+/H+ co-storage through reversible C=N/C–N and C=O/C–O redox couples. The extended π-conjugated framework promoted intramolecular electron delocalization, while ordered π–π stacking facilitated intermolecular charge transport and suppressed molecular dissolution at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Consequently, DQPAT delivered a high capacity of 561 mAh·g−1 at 0.05 A·g−1 and retained 90.3% capacity after 20,000 cycles at 10 A·g−1. Notably, the electrochemically oxidized state (o-DQPAT) reached its theoretical capacity under ultralow active-material loading, confirming nearly complete utilization of a twelve-electron redox process. In situ/ex situ analyses and theoretical calculations revealed a coupled Zn2+/H+ adsorption/desorption mechanism. This work demonstrated an interface-oriented molecular design strategy for developing high-capacity and long-life organic cathodes in AZIBs.
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Nano Research 2026, 19(12): 94909070
Published: 24 September 2026
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