Fermentation can be expected to enhance efficiency and sensory quality in modern winemaking. Conventional protocols can serve as a promising strategy to evaluate the potential of simultaneous inoculation. This study systematically investigated the effects of inoculation timing and specific strain combinations, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Oenococcus oeni, and Lactobacillus plantarum, on fermentation kinetics and the final aromatic profile in the grape juice medium. Alcoholic fermentation was initiated using the yeast strain S.cerevisiae ES 488. Two indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) consortia were evaluated: one combining O.oeni ZX-1 and L.plantarum GF-26, and another pairing O.oeni GF-2 with L.plantarum GF-20. The experimental variable was selected as the timing of LAB inoculation: simultaneous inoculation introduced LAB at the start of alcoholic fermentation alongside yeast, whereas sequential inoculation was realized only after alcoholic fermentation. Biochemical parameters were dynamically monitored at regular intervals, including reducing sugar and L-malic acid degradation, as well as the microbial viability of all three strains. The real-time metabolic progression was captured after measurement. The volatile aroma compounds in the final wines were analyzed after stabilization using headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The odor-active molecules were precisely identified and quantified. Results showed that the simultaneous inoculation significantly accelerated overall fermentation, reducing the total duration of alcoholic and malolactic fermentation by 7 to 19 days, compared with the sequential. Notably, the consortium of ES 488, ZX-1, and GF-26 achieved full microbial stability within 14 days, indicating high process efficiency and potential for rapid turnaround in commercial settings. Moreover, the dual-species LAB inoculum shortened the malolactic fermentation phase by an additional 4 to 6 days, compared with the single-strain inoculations. The synergistic metabolic interactions enhanced the substrate utilization and stress tolerance. Ethanol levels after alcoholic fermentation were slightly lower in the simultaneous treatments, likely due to early competition for nutrients. The low-ethanol environment significantly promoted higher proliferation rates of the LAB. Otherwise, the inhibitory conditions were observed in the high-ethanol post-fermentation environment of sequential trials. The microbial activity facilitated higher malic acid consumption and greater metabolic diversity. The simultaneous treatment with the ZX-1 and GF-26 consortium was achieved in the rapid malic acid degradation to produce a sensorially superior wine. Chemical analysis revealed that there were 1.91 times higher concentrations of higher alcohols and 33.97% more total esters, compared with the sequential control. Consequently, this wine exhibited significantly high intensities of floral, fruity, and sweet aromatic notes, thereby contributing to a more balanced sensory perception. Statistical analysis confirmed that there was a strong positive correlation between these sensory attributes and elevated levels of key esters (ethyl octanoate, ethyl nonanoate, diethyl succinate, and ethyl caproate), which contributed to fruity aroma complexity. The microbial synergy was found in shaping wine aroma. In conclusion, the promising enological approach was obtained in the simultaneous inoculation with the tailored three-strain consortium of S.cerevisiae ES 488, O.oeni ZX-1, and L.plantarum GF-26. Dual benefits were integrated to substantially improve production efficiency by less fermentation time and operational costs. Tank turnover simultaneously enhanced the wine sensory quality using a more complex and optimal ester-rich aroma profile. The inoculation strategy was tailored for the practical application. The wines were produced with greater aromatic intensity, typicity, and consistency in a time-efficient and predictable manner. A reliable solution can offer to improve both economic viability and sensory appeal. The finding can also provide some insights and strategies into microbial co-cultivation dynamics of fermentation in the wine industry.
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Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 2026, 42(6): 370-379
Published: 30 March 2026
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