Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into recommender systems to support semantic reasoning, natural language understanding, and user-adaptive personalization. However, their reliance on static parametric knowledge and fixed representations limits robustness in dynamic environments, particularly under long-tail and cold-start conditions. Retrieval-augmented architectures have emerged to address these limitations by grounding LLMs in external, non-parametric knowledge sources. This systematic literature review synthesizes 138 peer-reviewed studies published between 2023 and 2025 in conferences and journals, focusing on retrieval-augmented and LLM-enhanced recommendation. We analyze these works through a three-dimensional framework covering: (i) domain application, (ii) semantic feature and representation design, and (iii) algorithmic strategies for retrieval and personalization. The review shows that current research is concentrated in general recommendation and information retrieval, that similarity/retrieval, user-item interaction, and textual content signals dominate semantic modeling, and that LLM and BERT-style encoders form the primary representation backbones, while graph-based, multimodal, and hybrid approaches remain comparatively underexplored. Algorithmically, most systems adopt generic LLM-centric modeling with limited use of retrieval optimization, reinforcement learning, or structure-aware strategies, and only sporadic attention to explicit cold-start, hallucination, and robustness treatment. By mapping co-occurrence patterns between domains, semantic features, representation choices, and strategy families, this review identifies concrete gaps and transfer opportunities for future work on retrieval-augmented recommendation and provides a structured reference for designing more context-aware, explainable, and data-efficient LLM-based recommender systems.

The escalating complexity and heterogeneity of modern energy systems—particularly in smart grid and distributed energy infrastructures—has intensified the need for intelligent and scalable security vulnerability classification. To address this challenge, we propose Vulnerability2Vec, a graph-embedding-based framework designed to enhance the automated classification of security vulnerabilities that threaten energy system resilience. Vulnerability2Vec converts Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) text explanations to semantic graphs, where nodes represent CVE IDs and key terms (nouns, verbs, and adjectives), and edges capture co-occurrence relationships. Then, it embeds the semantic graphs to a low-dimensional vector space with random-walk sampling and skip-gram with negative sampling. It is possible to identify the latent relationships and structural patterns that traditional sparse vector methods fail to capture. Experimental results demonstrate a classification accuracy of up to 80%, significantly outperforming baseline methods. This approach offers a theoretical basis for classifying vulnerability types as structured semantic patterns in complex software systems. The proposed method models the semantic structure of vulnerabilities, providing a theoretical foundation for their classification.