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3RVAV: A Three-Round Voting and Proof-of-Stake Consensus Protocol with Provable Byzantine Fault Tolerance
Computers, Materials & Continua 2025, 85(3): 5207-5236
Published: 23 October 2025
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This paper presents 3RVAV (Three-Round Voting with Advanced Validation), a novel Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus protocol combining Proof-of-Stake with a multi-phase voting mechanism. The protocol introduces three layers of randomized committee voting with distinct participant roles (Validators, Delegators, and Users), achieving (45)-threshold approval per round through a verifiable random function (VRF)-based selection process. Our security analysis demonstrates 3RVAV provides 1(1sn)3k resistance to Sybil attacks with n participants and stake s, while maintaining O(knlogn) communication complexity. Experimental simulations show 3247 TPS throughput with 4-s finality, representing a 5.8× improvement over Algorand’s committee-based approach. The proposed protocol achieves approximately 4.2-s finality, demonstrating low latency while maintaining strong consistency and resilience. The protocol introduces a novel punishment matrix incorporating both stake slashing and probabilistic blacklisting, proving a Nash equilibrium for honest participation under rational actor assumptions.

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