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Explicit solutions and non-solutions for the Diophantine equation p x + q 2 y = z 2 n involving primes p q ( mod 4 )
AIMS Mathematics 2025, 10(7): 15720-15736
Published: 15 July 2025
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Over the past decade, significant research has been conducted on the equation a x + b y = z 2 under various conditions imposed on a and b or on x and y. Most studies focus on conditions where the equation has no solution, while some explore cases with infinitely many solutions, often considering scenarios where x or y is even. Motivated by this line of inquiry, we have been inspired to investigate and analyze equations of the form p x + q 2 y = z 2 n for two distinct primes p and q, and to present explicit forms of their solutions ( p , x , q , y , z , n ). Recent studies on the exponential Diophantine equation p x + q y = z 2 , where p and q are primes, have addressed cases where p = 2 or p q ( mod 4 ). In this paper, we address the case where p q ( mod 4 ) and y is even. In addition, we explore special cases where z is the prime and provide the complete set of solutions for p x + q 2 y = z 2 n . We also show that the equation has no solution when { 2 , 3 } { p , q , z }. In other words, we provide almost explicit solutions to p x + q y = z 2 n except for the case where both x and y are odd.

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