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Helices with F-constant vector fields in the Euclidean space E 4
AIMS Mathematics 2026, 11(2): 4299-4334
Published: 12 February 2026
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This study aims to investigate the geometric properties of V i -helices in the four-dimensional Euclidean space E 4 , considering Frenet vector fields as instances of F-constant vector fields. For each i { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } , the necessary and sufficient conditions for V i -helices are derived in terms of their curvatures, and a generalization of these helices is presented. Examples of these structures are provided, and their projections onto three-dimensional (3D) spaces are visualized using Python. Furthermore, the corresponding Python codes are included in the Appendix.

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