In this paper, we investigated the complex dynamics of a discrete-time predator-prey model incorporating a double Allee effect in the prey population. We investigated the existence and stability of biologically meaningful fixed points, including extinction, prey-only, and coexistence equilibria. Through analytical and numerical bifurcation analysis, we demonstrated that the model underwent a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation as key parameters varied, leading to quasi-periodic oscillations that characterized realistic population cycles. Our results revealed that stronger Allee effects tend to destabilize the model, increasing extinction risks and promoting oscillatory dynamics, while higher predator mortality rates and saturation in predation response enhance stability. A comparative analysis with models lacking the Allee effect highlights its critical role in delaying equilibrium convergence and inducing instability at low population densities. These findings provide important insights for ecological conservation, particularly for species vulnerable to population depletion, and contribute to the theoretical understanding of predator-prey models with density-dependent growth constraints.

This paper explores the dynamics of a fractional prey–predator system with a ratio-dependent functional response with memory and hereditary effects in predator–prey interactions. The model is developed by the Caputo fractional derivative, and the existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of solutions are proven to satisfy biological reality. Stability conditions for local and global stability of both predator-free and coexistence equilibria are proven through linearization and Lyapunov function techniques. The fractional order is used as a bifurcation parameter, and the appearance of Hopf bifurcations is analytically explained with demonstration of the influence of memory on oscillations. To examine discrete-time dynamics, the piecewise constant argument is used to derive a discrete counterpart of the fractional model. The discrete model indicates a wide range of rich complex oscillatory phenomena, including period-doubling and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations, leading to periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic oscillations. Numerical computations, including bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, and Lyapunov exponents, verify the analytical results and describe the routes of transition to chaos. A comparative analysis to compare integer- and fractional-order cases indicates that memory effects enhance dynamical richness and sensitivity to parameters. The study provides a unified framework relating continuous fractional dynamics and their discrete implementations and provides additional insight into how memory and discretization interact to modify stability and bifurcation in ecological models.