This paper uses the Uyghur molded earthenware firing technique in Kashi, Xinjiang, as a teaching case for college physics, transforming local scientific and cultural heritage into physics teaching resources. Through systematic physical deconstruction of the firing process, several core physical principles are identified, including transient heat conduction, material phase transitions, thermal stress distribution, and optical coloration. These principles are used to transform traditional craftsmanship into vivid teaching cases for explaining abstract physical concepts. Based on this analysis, a teaching model integrating “principle inquiry, process practice, and competency development” is constructed. In this model, students use tools such as thermal simulation and spectral analysis to observe phenomena, conduct quantitative analysis, and optimize real craft processes, thereby improving their scientific thinking, engineering design ability, and practical application skills through project-based learning. Teaching practice shows that this case significantly deepens students’ understanding of physical laws and enhances their ability to transfer and apply knowledge. At the same time, it naturally integrates cultural confidence and craftsmanship spirit, helping achieve the integrated educational goals of knowledge, ability, and values.