This study utilizes a self-developed observation system and image processing methods to systematically investigate the nucleation, growth, and detachment processes of oxygen bubbles under different conditions, enabling the visual quantitative characterization of individual oxygen bubble evolution. An increase in current density accelerates bubble growth rate and enlarges the detachment radius. The properties of the electrolyte significantly influence bubble evolution, with an alkaline environment favoring rapid bubble formation and detachment. Platinum-coated graphite electrodes exhibit faster bubble growth rates and smaller detachment volumes compared to bare graphite electrodes. The mathematical model established based on experimental results shows high consistency with theoretical fitting, revealing the coupled mechanisms of electrode surface current density, electrolyte type, and material activity on bubble dynamics. This provides new experimental evidence for understanding bubble dynamics at the microscale and offers theoretical guidance for optimizing electrode structures and regulating electrolytes to enhance water electrolysis efficiency